1. Upper, Downers & All Arounders
Chapter 1
Today & Tomorrow

2. Five Themes of Drug Use
Humans have a basic need to cope with their environment
Found that certain plants would ease:
Anxiety
Reduce pain
Treat illnesses
Give pleasure
Allow them to communicate with Gods

3. Five Themes of Drug Use
2. Human brain is affected by drugs to induce an altered state of consciousness
Affects the primitive or old part of brain that controls emotions
Natural physiological functions such as breathing & heart rate
Emotional Memories
Sensory perceptions
Physical and emotional pain
Instincts
Reasoning and memory of new brain “neocortex”

4. Five Themes of Drug Use
3. Governments and Businesses involvement in cultivating, manufacturing, distribution, taxing and prohibition
Struggle to control supply of drugs
Use of opium by medicine men in ancient Sumeria for secret medicines
Pharaohs in ancient Egypt gave beer to slaves as an incentive to build pyramids
Monopolization of Coca leaf production by Conquistadors in Peru to increase tax revenues for spain

5. Five Themes of Drug Use Governments and Businesses (continued)
Exportation and excise taxes on whiskey, hemp and tobacco to finance the American Revolution
Sale of opium to China by Britain, France & Japan to support their colonies
Growing and smuggling opium in Afghanistan to support insurgent activities
Prohibition or restriction of alcohol, tobacco, opium and other drugs by many countries to control excessive drug use.

6. Five Themes of Drug Use
Technological Advances in refining and synthesizing drugs to increase their potency.
Distilling alcohol (Arabia, 10th century)
Refining morphine from opium (Germany 1803)
Refine cocaine from coca leaves (Germany (1859)
Creation of alcohol sedation pill form from synthesizing barbiturates (Germany, 1868/1908)

7. Five Themes of Drug Use Technological Advances (continued)
Synthesize amphetamines to replace cocaine (Germany, 1887 & 1932)
Extracting LSD from ergot fungus (Switzerland, 1938)
Simsemilla-growing to increase potency (THC) content in marijuana
Modify amphetamine molecules to produce designer drugs MDA & MDMA (ecstasy) US 1910 to present)

8. Five Themes of Drug Use
Development of more efficient & faster ways of putting drugs into the body has intensified effects.
Mixing alcohol and opium (Sumeria 4000 BC)
Absorb more juice from coca leaves by mixing with charred oyster shells (Peru 1450)
Inhaling nitrous oxide (England 1800)
Injecting morphine (England 1855)
Snorting Cocaine to absorb drug more quickly (Europe 1900)

9. Five Themes of Drug Use
Development of more efficient & faster ways of putting drugs into the body has intensified effects.
Dissolve LSD to blotter paper to be absorbed by tongue (US 1960’s)
Smoke freebase & crack cocaine to intensify high (US 1975 – 1985)
Crush & inject time-released medications such as Oxycontin for big rush (US 2003)
Altering amphetamine-products to produce smokable form of methamphetamine (ICE)

10. TYPES OF DRUGS

11. Heroin Cocaine Marijuana Afghanistan largest producer/grower of opium
Mexican Black Tar & Brown Heroin and Columbian White
Cocaine
Grown in South America: Columbia, Peru & Bolivia
1.2 American use on a regular basis
Marijuana
Widely available
Supreme Court ruled in 2001 that federal law prohibits dispensing drug to seriously ill even if the state allows it.
Legalization in states vary

12. Club Drugs Methamphetamines:
Reemerged due to raves that are parties held in clubs, warehouses or remote areas where a wide variety of drugs available, especially psychedelics
MDMA: Estacy and GHB are common at raves
Methamphetamines:
Manufactured in makeshift home labs
Sold as crank, crystal, meth & speed
Spreading to number of countries
Thailand produce small methamphetamine pills called “ya ba”

13. Oxycontin: formerly known as Percodan
Alcohol
Kills over 130,000 people per year compared with 8,000 deaths from illegal drugs
Causes include genetic susceptibility, neurobiology
Treatment of alcoholism, include pharmacological interventions to reduce gravings
Oxycontin: formerly known as Percodan
Crushing drug the drug allows the time released capsules to be absorbed all at once
Hydrocodone (Vicodin) most widely abused prescription drug

14. HIV, AIDS, and Hepatitis C
Spreads rapidly in part due to pathogens by intravenous drug use
High-risk sexual practices resulting from lower inhibitions
Behavioral Addictions:
Eating disorders
Compulsive gambling
Sexual addictions
Compulsive shopping
Tend to have the same signs and symptoms of drug addictions

15. Major Drugs
Uppers (cocaine, amphetamines, diet pills, Ritalin, khat, caffeine, nicotine)
Physical effects: Stimulation of nervous system
Increased heart rate
Increase blood pressure
Insomia
Decrease in appetite
Large doses can cause cardiovascular problems, seizures, stroke and sometimes death
Mental/Emotional Effects
Increase in confidence
Euphoria
Anxiety
Paranoia
Mental confusion
Aggression & Anger

16. Major Drugs
Downers (Depressants) depress the nervous system: opiates/opiods, sedative hypnotics, alcohol, antihistamines
Physical Effects:
Slows heart rate and breathing
Relaxed muscles
Dull senses
Constipation
Nausea
Digestive problems
Large doses can depress the respiratory system
Mental/Emotional Effects:
Small doses lower inhibitions
Relaxed and diminished anxiety
Long term use causes physical dependence

17. Major Drugs
All Arounders (psychedelics) distort perceptions and can cause hallucinations, delusions or illusions
Physical Effects:
Nausea
Dizziness
Higher blood pressure
LSD causes stimulation
Mental/emotional effects;
Distortion of physical stimuli
Mental confusion along with delusions, hallucinations and illusions
Varies among user depending on frequency of use, duration, amount used

18. Other Drugs & Addiction
Inhalants (gasses or liquids are inhaled) glue, gasoline, paints & nitrous oxide
Effects:
Dizziness
Slurred speech
Lack of coordination
Lower blood pressure
Various toxic effects on major organs
Mental/emotional effects
Excitability
Irritability
Delirium

19. Other Drugs & Addiction
Anabolic Steroids and other Sports Drugs, Steroids, amphetamines and several therapeutic drugs enhance performance
Physical Effects
Steroids include increased muscle mass
High blood pressure
Acne
Hormonal changes
Mental/emotional effects
Stimulation
Outbursts of anger

20. Other Drugs & Addiction
Psychiatric medications (Antidepressants, anti-psychotics & anti-anxiety drugs are used to rebalance brain chemistry)
Physical effects:
Act on heart and muscle systems
Mental/emotional effects
Works to counteract depression
Control mood swings
Counter psychoses
Generally calms a person

21. Other Drugs & Addiction
Compulsive Behaviors (eating disorders, gambling, sex addiction, shopping, codependency affects the same areas of the brain as psychoactive drugs
Physical Effects: Neurological Changes in the brain
Mental/emotional effects:
Involves tolerance, dependence and withdrawal

22. Controlled Substances Act of 1970
DEA classified all psychoactive drugs into five levels or schedules subject to control
Schedule I: heroin, LSD, marijuana, peyote, psilocybin, mescaline & MDMA
High abuse potential
Supposedly no accepted medical use
Schedule II: cocaine, methamphetamine, opium, morphine, hydromorphone, codeine, meperdine, oxycodone, and methylphenidate
Have a high abuse potential with severe psychic or physical dependence
Have medical uses

23. Controlled Substances Act of 1970
Schedule III (Tylenol Codeine, Some barbiturates)
Less Abuse potential
Include schedule II drugs when used in componds
Schedule IV
Have even less abuse potential the schedule II drugs
Chloral hydrate, meprobamate, fenfluramine, diazepam (valium) and other bezodiazepines, Phenobarbital
Schedule V
Low abuse potential because they contain limited qualities of narcotic and stimulant drugs
Robitusin AC, Lomotil, OTC Drugs