1. Science, Technology & Innovation Indicators Brunei Darussalam Dr Hazri Kifle, Prof. Yeoul Hwangbo & Dr Abby Tan Faculty of Business, Economics and Policy Studies Universiti Brunei Darussalam
South East Asian Regional Workshop on Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators
5-8 December 2011

2. Content General Information of Brunei Darussalam
National Economic Development Plan: Vision 2035
Science, Technology & Innovation Key Indicators
STI Research
Conclusion

3. Brunei Darussalam Population about 401,890 (July 2011 est.)
Heavy reliance on the oil and gas sector - accounts for more than 70 % of GDP
Per capita – US$48,714 in 2010
Brunei Vision 2035 – dynamic and sustainable economy

4. Economic Activities Gross domestic product (GDP) BND 20,397.9 million
GDP per capita
BND 51,251.0
Oil and gas sector
BND 14,300.0 million
Non-oil and gas sector
BND 6,097.9 million
<Source> International Monetary Fund, IMF Country Report No.10/134, May 2010
The economy was still very much dependent on the oil and gas sector, of which contribution to GDP was 70.1 %.

5. Brunei Vision 2035
Aims to make Brunei Darussalam, by 2035, as a nation
which will be widely recognised for the accomplishment of:
its educated and highly skilled people as measured by the highest international standards
quality of life that is among the top 10 nations
a dynamic and sustainable economy with income per capita within the top 10 countries in the world

6. Current Scenario [Source: Brunei Long Term Development Plan, 2007]
Economic growth has not kept pace with population growth
The public sector can no longer absorb the growing numbers of young people wishing to enter the work force each year
There is a widening gap between the expectations and capabilities of the nation’s youth and the employment opportunities currently being created
The oil and gas sector employs < 3% of the work force
The local business community continues to be weak and is unable to create the employment opportunities required

7. Roles and Responsibilities
National Science and Technology Committee (NSTC) - established in 1994 under the Ministry of Development
Brunei Research Council (BRC) – reformed in 2011
Provide funding for all research done by Government agencies

8. STI Survey
A preliminary survey was done in 2005/2006

9. STI Survey

10. Key Indicators for R&D Activities (Source: Brunei Darussalam Long-Term Development Plan, 2007 & Ministry of Development)
2002
2003
2004
Gross Expenditure on R&D- GERD (BND million PPP)
1.19
1.50
4.80
GERD as a % of GDP
0.02
0.03
0.05
Total R&D Personnel per Thousand Labour Force
0.89
0.88
0.62
Higher Education Expenditure on R&D – HERD
(BND million PPP)
0.37
0.58
0.36
Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D –BERD
0.0
Although there was an increase in the gross expenditure on R&D, the amount of investment on R&D in higher education and businesses were still low.

11. GERD source of funds in Brunei Darussalam [Source: Ministry of Development]
2002
2003
2004
Industry-financed GERD as % of GDP
0.0019
0.0034
Government-financed GERD as % of GDP
0.0198
0.0222
0.0489
% of GERD financed by industry
8.840
6.664
1.58
% of GERD financed by Government
91.160
86.776
92.02

12. Comparisons of R&D personnel/ million people (Source: Brunei Darussalam Long-Term Development Plan, 2007)
Brunei Darussalam
Singapore
Korea
Japan
R&D Personnel per million people
282
4,352
2,979
5,085
Although there was an increase in the gross expenditure on R&D, the total number of R&D personnel and the amount of investment on R&D in higher education and businesses were still low.

13. Researchers (Source: Brunei Darussalam Long-Term Development Plan, 2007)
Researchers (headcount)
2002
2003
2004
Total researchers in Business Enterprise Sector 32
N/A
Total researchers in Government Sectors 61 62 70
Total researchers in Higher Education Sector
201
198
174
Total Researchers
(* Incomplete data)
294
292
244*

14. Issues and Challenges (Source: Brunei Darussalam Long-Term Development Plan, 2007)
Absence of a central agency to champion the STI development and identification of specific objectives
Issues in coordinating and integrating STI policy
Lack of priority
Higher Education Institutions tend to focus more of their resources on teaching and training rather than research.

15. Issues and Challenges (Source: Brunei Darussalam Long-Term Development Plan, 2007)
The number of researchers involved in R&D was small compared to other countries in the region.
The percentage of the population pursuing higher education was small compared to OECD countries.
The proportion of the Brunei population with S&T qualifications was also much lower than any of the OECD countries, showing that R&D personnel per million people are 292 and expenditure of R&D as % of GDP is 0.03% in 2003.

16. Issues and Challenges (Source: Brunei Darussalam Long-Term Development Plan, 2007)
The expenditure of R&D in this country as percentage of GDP was the lowest.
There was also minimal collaboration between higher institutions and private sector in the area of R&D.
This was partly due to the fact that majority of local companies did not see a need for any R&D activities.

17. Efforts made for STI in 8th NDP
8th National Development Plan ( ) made explicit reference to the crucial role of S&T and R&D for national development.
A sum of BND 125 million was allocated for the development of S&T and R&D and about 57% of the total allocation was for financing and feasibility studies
Several promotional S&T programmes were organized by various agencies such as the Oil and Gas Discovery Centre (OGDC) and Science, Technology and Environment Partnership Centre (STEP).

18. 9th NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
9th National Development Plan ( ) – Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) as the leverage to accelerate growth and national competitiveness
Brunei Darussalam aims to allocate 1% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to research over the next few years
Brunei Research Council (BRC) to set the policy direction in research and development and innovation, identifying priority science and technology clusters for Brunei niche areas
Brunei Economic Development Board (BEDB) to promote foreign direct investment in the non-oil gas and sector, namely health care, pharmaceutical, food and alternative energy

19. 9th NDP (2007-2012) Sectors Allocated (BND$ Million) Percentage %
1. Industry and Commerce
1,025.0
10.8
2. Transport and Communication
1,067.0
11.2
3. Social Services
3,055.7
32.2
4. Public Utilities
1,492.7
15.7
5. Public Buildings
673.0
7.1
6. Science & Technology and Research and Development
165.2
1.7
7. ICT
1,145.7
12.1
8. Security
596.8
6.3
9. Miscellaneous
278.9
2.9
6. Science & Technology and Research and Development
A total of BND 9.5 billion has been allocated for National Development Plan ( ) to finance the implementation of 826 projects within 257 programmes. As part of national development plans, S&T and R&D sector are allocated BND million which accounts for 1.7 per cent of the total scheme value.

20. Funding and Infrastructure Development for Universiti Brunei Darussalam

21. Specific Research 1
Development of a comprehensive R&D indicators for Brunei Darussalam based on Frascati Manual
“In an era of rapid technological change, economic growth is increasingly dependent on research and development (R&D). Monitoring industry, government, and university R&D programs is thus crucial to successful policymaking and analysis”. (OECD, 2002)

22. Specific Research 2
The combination of firms, organisations and institutions for the purpose of innovation - the ‘national system of innovation’
The nature of the linkages between university, government and industries is under-studied
Collaboration between government agencies, industries and researchers, although they may appear to be unlikely allies, is important as they have a shared interest in innovation and meeting future needs (Scherlis & Eisenberg, 2003).

23. Survey for S&T and R&D Activities
Brunei had conducted the survey till 2004, but have not produced data on S&T and R&D activities, with particular emphasis on (i) Human Resources and (ii) R&D Expenditure since 2005.
In 2012, Brunei to start conducting the survey to produce S&T statistics and thereby provide S&T and R&D information for policy maker.
In order to make sure international comparison, the survey is being conducted in accordance with Frascati Manual

24. STI Survey Details Reference period – 2004 to 2011
Type of survey – Qualitative and quantitative, Government funding
Industrial coverage - Oil and gas, Petro-chemical, and ICT industries
Data collection procedure - , mail, in-person interview, secondary data
Sample size - all relevant Ministries, agencies, research institutes, statutory body, universities, and industry
Main challenges encountered when structuring and carrying out the survey – survey on past periods between 2004 and 2009
Timeline of the full process – expected completion in 2012/2013

25. Technical Support UNESCO Mentor Country
Korean Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST)
Science and Technology Policy Institute (STEPI)

26. THANK YOU

27. S&T Survey Database and Decision Supporting System (DSS)
Decision Supporting DB
Gathering Policy Information
Decision Supporting System
Survey DB
Statistics Information System
Survey Activities
Survey results will be managed using Database and information system.
IT system and DB will produce statistics of S&T and R&D
The statistics from Survey DB will be converted into decision supporting information for policy makers

28. The Survey Temple: General Information

29. The Survey Template: R & D Human Resource
1. R&D Human Resources
Definition of R&D Human Resource
- Researcher : Researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods and systems and also in the management of the projects concerned.
- Research Assistant: researchers who are paid by research grants or contracts to work in collaboration with a professor within a faculty, an affiliated research center or an institute. They are not permanent employees because their continued employment depends on continuing support from research grants or contracts. They hold a PhD degree or an equivalent qualification (MD) that would be appropriate for appointment as an assistant professor.
- Technician & equivalent staff : persons whose main task requires technical knowledge and experience in one or more fields of engineering, physical and life sciences or social sciences and humanities. They participate in R&D by performing scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts and operational methods, normally under the supervision of researchers. Equivalent staff perform the corresponding R&D tasks under the supervision of researchers in the social sciences and humanities.
- Clerical staff: Other supporting staff including skilled and unskilled craftsmen, participating in R & D projects or directly associated with such projects.
Reference- The Frascati Manual. It is a manual setting out the methodology for the collection of statistics regarding research and development. It was prepared and published by the Organization for Economic cooperation and Development.

30. 2. Age of Researcher
The Survey on female researcher is being conducted.

31. 3. Researcher's Major and Degree
Engineering
Civil engineering, Architecture
Electric, Electronic, Information, Communication Engineering
Mechanical, Aerospace, Atomic Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Metal, Material, Fiber Engineering
Medical Engineering
Environment, Resource, Marine Engineering
Environmental Bio Engineering
Industrial Bio Engineering
Nano Technology
etc
Medicine, Pharmacy
Medicine
Phamacy
Nursing, Health
etc

32. Agriculture
Agriculture, Forest, Marine
Zootechny, Zoology, Dairy
Veterinary
Agricultural Bio
etc
Humanities
History
Language and Literature
Philosophy, Religion
Art
Physical Science
Social Science
Psychology
Economics, Management
Education
Sociology, Social Welfare, Anthropology
Law
Politics, Public Administration, Policy
Region, Geography
Mass media, Libaray
ect
Total

33. 4. Foreign Researcher

34. The Survey Template: R&D Expenditure
Fund Source of R&D Expenditure

35. Detailed R&D Expenditure

36. THANK YOU