1. Marcella Leonard PPANI Coordinator Gareth Mc Gibbon PBNI
Welcome
Marcella Leonard PPANI Coordinator
Gareth Mc Gibbon PBNI
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

2. Legislative Structure of PPANI
Criminal Justice (NI) Order 2008
Secretary of State’s Guidance
Manual of Practice
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

3. Strategic and Practice Structures of PPANI
Strategic Management Board
PPANI Coordination Unit
PPANI Links Team
LAPPP (Local Area Public Protection Panel)
LAPPP Chair
Designated Risk Manager (DRM)
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

4. PPANI Processes Offender convicted of relevant PPANI offence
PPANI Links allocate offender to nearest LAPPP meeting
LAPPP Meeting held and category of risk management agreed
And DRM appointed
Offender reviewed every 16 weeks at LAPPP meeting until
Category one status
DRM visits offender and completes assessments for each LAPPP
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

5. PPANI Category of Risk Management
“Someone whose previous offending and / or current
behaviour and / or current circumstances present little
evidence that they could cause serious harm through carrying out
a contact sexual or violent offence”
Category 2
“Someone whose previous offending,
And / or current behaviour
and / or current circumstances present
clear and identifiable evidence that they
could cause serious harm through carrying
out a contact sexual or violent offence
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

6. PPANI Category of Risk Management
“Someone whose previous offending,
current behaviour
And / or current circumstances present clear and identifiable
evidence that they
are highly likely to cause serious harm through
carrying out a contact sexual or violent offence.”
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

7. Current Statistics of persons subject to PPANI
Total Prison Community
Category
Category
As of September 2013
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

8. What is ‘ child pornography’ ?
‘any representation, by whatever means, of a child engaged
in real or simulated explicit sexual activities or any
representation of the sexual parts of a child, the dominant
characteristic of which is depiction for a sexual purpose’
The Convention on the Rights of the Child 2002
In N.Ireland we refer to abusive images of children
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

9. PPANI and Internet Offending
PPANI came into existence 2008 therefore some
offenders through internet will not be known to PPANI
Currently 80 persons known to PPANI for Possession of Indecent
Images of Children
3 of these are assessed as requiring Category 3 Level of Risk
Management
9 currently awaiting assessment, 3 pending
65 assessed at Category 1 level of risk management
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

10. Patterns emerging indicating that where a child is sexually
Abused in settings such as home or on street, image making
Of their abuse is frequently involved.
These images can then be used:
inhibit and silence the child
traded
increases control of the abuser
increases likelihood of further types of abuses ECPAT 2005
The use of pornography as a sex education tool
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

11. Types of on line violence against children and young people:
The production, distribution and use of materials depicting
child sexual abuse
Online grooming or solicitation
Exposure to materials that can cause psychological harm,
lead to physical harm or facilitate other detriment to a child
Harassment and intimidation, including bullying
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

12. Emerging trends in the technologies impacting on internet abuse:
Phones and 3G – the convergence of internet and mobile phones
Video / camera apps on mobile phones
Online games
peer to peer exchanges
instant messaging
internet cafes / public places
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

13. The impact of these emerging technology developments:
demand for sexual activity against children – latency
- normalcy
- profit
cyberspace is influential – boundaries of people’s behaviour
online v real world
opportunities to harm – vast number of venues and accessibility
the use of pornography -as primary tool
- impact of exposure
- socialisation
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

14. Distinctive qualities affecting behaviour and interactions in cyberspace:
Proximity
Access Scope
Permanence Velocity
Reinforcement Identity
Reality Scale
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

15. Typologies
Situational offender - curious adult realising an opportunity to access pornography
Preferential offender - indiscriminate with deviant sexual attitudes, typically a paedophile with definite interest in children
Miscellaneous offender - private investigations, media reporters, adolescent males etc
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

16. Links to contact offending
Seto et al 2011 Meta Analysis:
21 online offenders
1 in 8 had history of contact sexual offence
50 % admitted contact sexual offence
Putsey Report:
47.8% % treatment group had no contact offences there
fore 50% upwards admitted contact offence
Bourke and Hernandez (2009) : 84.5% admitted contact offences
Neatze et al (2009): 57.4% admitted contact offences
Quayle and Taylor (2003): 47.8% admitted contact offences

17. Links to contact offending
Seto et al 2011 Meta Analysis:
21 online offenders
1 in 8 had history of contact sexual offence
50 % admitted contact sexual offence
Putsey Report:
47.8% % treatment group had no contact offences there
fore 50% upwards admitted contact offence
Bourke and Hernandez (2009) : 84.5% admitted contact offences
Neatze et al (2009): 57.4% admitted contact offences
Quayle and Taylor (2003): 47.8% admitted contact offences

18. Links to contact offending
Imitation - offenders replay what they have seen on the computer with a victim
Permission giving - offender is given courage by what they have seen and this escalates offending behaviour
Reinforcing existing feelings - encourages the individual to act on their feelings and this can happen quickly with the offender entering chat rooms to seek to meet victims
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

19. Links to contact offending
Level of conviction in England and Wales
All sexual offences (3,300) (5,000)
Internet 2001 (364) (967)
USA Overall convictions child abuse in 2007:
47% all other child abuse
53% internet viewing indecent images
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

20. Links to contact offending
Seto et al 2011 Meta Analysis:
21 online offenders
1 in 8 had history of contact sexual offence
50 % admitted contact sexual offence
Putsey Report:
47.8% % treatment group had no contact offences there
fore 50% upwards admitted contact offence
Bourke and Hernandez (2009) : 84.5% admitted contact offences
Neatze et al (2009): 57.4% admitted contact offences
Quayle and Taylor (2003): 47.8% admitted contact offences
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

21. PPANI Category of Risk Management and Child Protection
Risk management v risk to children
Engaged in monitoring and supervision
but
Sexual interest in children
grooming/targeting children
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

22. PBNI Response to Internet Sexual Offending
The Internet Sexual Offending Treatment Programme (i-SOTP) is part of an overall suite of treatment programmes delivered by PBNI.
i-SOTP is designed for offenders in the community subject to statutory supervision by PBNI.
The programme caters for offences defined as the making, distribution and production of indecent images.
The programme is offered in two formats – group-work and one to one intervention.
Programme aims to reduce the likelihood of further internet related offending and lessen the likelihood of contact sexual offending/recidivism.
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

23. Why a specific programme?
analysis of UK caseload suggested approximately 30% of offenders were convicted of internet related sexual offending.
Analysis of psychometrics of contact and internet offenders reveal many shared characteristics
Agreed need for an intervention informed by an internet specific focus as well as a focus on general sexual offending risk factors.
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

24. Assessing Risk
The programme is designed for men who are assessed as low/medium risk and low deviance.
Higher risk/deviance offenders will be more suited to existing longer term programmes as such assessments are indicative of a predisposition to commit contact sexual offences.
RM2K can be used subject to a number of caveats.
Deviance is assessed using standard battery of accredited psychometrics.
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

25. Eligibility Males over 21 years (group-work) 17 years and over (1-1)
High score on Psychopathy Check List – Revised (PCL-R)
IQ < 80
Poor literacy
Stable mental health
Acute substance misuse
Programme ready (absolute denial)
Strong command of the English language.
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

26. Programme Content and Process
The i-SOTP consists of;
A pre-programme meeting
Completion of pre-treatment programme psychometrics
Six modules consisting of 35 x 2 hours group work or 20/30 sessions x 1.5 hours individual work
Completion of post programme psychometrics
Post programme planning meeting.
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

27. Diagrammatic Representation of Model of Change [Beech & Fisher 1998]
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

28. The Internet Behaviour and Attitudes Questionnaire (IBAQ)
137 convicted internet offenders completed the 90 item attitude and behaviour questionnaire.
Strong identification of problematic internet use for a self-efficacy and distorted attitudes cluster.
IBAQ produced an assessment of ‘low behaviour’ group associated with 4.5 hours per week internet use and ‘high behaviour’ group associated with 10 hours use per week.
Higher behaviour offenders tended to be involved in accessing images using less common technologies, engaging in trade of images, more habitual behaviours relating to viewing, categorisation and masturbation.
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

29. Schematic Representation of Pathways Model of Child Sexual Abuse (Ward & Siegart, 2002)
Distal Factors
Sexual preference
Associated Deficits
Behaviour
Intimacy deficits
(Intimacy)
Insecure attachment
Inability to sustain adult intimacy
Normal sexual script operates until rejection, blockage
Arousal to child although not preference
Emotional loneliness
Social skills
Cognitive Distortions
Entitlement beliefs
Target vulnerable child
Create pseudo adult-adult “loving relationship”
Distorted Sexual Scripts
(arousal)
Early or inappropriate sexual experiences
Victimisation
Fear of rejection
Relationships seen as purely sexual
Intimacy is equated with sex
Children more trustworthy and accepting
Low self esteem
Craving for love and approval
Misreading sexual cues
Unsatisfying adult sexual encounters, frustration
Seek sex in inappropriate situations (e.g. when angry), inappropriate partners (children), inappropriate activities (e.g. sadistic)
Emotional Dysregulation
(emotions)
Compulsive masturbation in early adolescence
Lack of alternatives to increase self-esteem or alleviate negative mood
Preference for age related partners but opportunistically use children at times of stress
Sex used as coping strategy
Problem in emotional recognition
Dealing with negative emotion
Problem in utilising social supports
Inability to manage mood may result in loss of control, which in conjuction with sexual desire leads to disinhibited behaviour
Antisocial Cognitions
(cognitive)
Specific belief systems such as the world is a dangerous place and you have to fight to have your needs satisfied
General and extensive record of criminal and antisocial behaviour in youth and adolescence, possible conduct disorder
A right to have sexual needs met irrespective of needs & rights of others
Sexual abuse justified and acceptable if alternatives not available
Entrenched Cognitive Distortions which make offenders vulnerable to sexual offending and to justify it
Positive emotional state when abusing a child because of the pleasure experienced and meeting needs for self-gratification in personally acceptable manner
Multiple dysfunctional mechanisms
Early sexualisation
Impaired relationship and attachment style
Multiple maladaptive development responses
Deviant sexual fantasy
Approach goal of sexual gratification linked with others e.g. sense of control
High self esteem since interests are legitimate and healthy
Children seen as legitimate sexual partners
Inappropriate emotional regulation
Multitude of offence related behaviours
The “pure” paedophile
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

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32. Psychometric (Deviance) Assessment
Risk Matrix 2000
High / Medium / Low)
Very High
Psychometric (Deviance) Assessment
Refer to one of the existing accredited sex offender programmes
Low Deviance
High Deviance
Refer to i-SOTP
Core programme plus discretionary exercises on relationships and self management.
Psychometrics suggest multiple dysfunctional pathway
Core programme plus discretionary exercises on relationships and self management
Psychometrics suggest intimacy deficits pathway
Core programme plus discretionary exercises on victim awareness, relationships and self management
Psychometrics suggest emotional dysregulation pathway
Distorted sexual script pathway
Core programme plus discretionary exercises on victim awareness, relationships and self management
Anti-social cognitions pathway
Psychometrics suggest no clear pathway
Review treatment needs after completion of functional analysis and module 2 of i-SOTP

33. i-SOTP Model of Change
Increase motivation, decrease denial and identify and reduce discrepancy between perceived pro-social values and behaviour (addressing distorted attitudes)
Challenge offence supportive attitudes and behaviours (addressing distorted attitudes)
Build an empathic response to identifying that children depicted in the indecent images are real victims of child abuse; (addressing distorted attitudes and socio-affective functioning )
Reduce use of sex as a coping strategy and emotional avoidance, replacing it with effective problem solving strategies (addressing socio-affective functioning and self management)
Develop adequate relationship, intimacy and coping skills; improve self esteem and internal locus of control; (Social Adequacy factors and self-management)
Develop realistic relapse prevention strategies and new pro-social lifestyle goals (addressing self-management and socio-affective functioning)
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

34. Treatment Targets
Module 1: - Promoting motivation and forming a therapeutic alliance
Module 2: - ‘What needs did offending meet’
Module 3: - ‘Victim Awareness and Taking Responsibility’
Module 4: - ‘Emotional Self regulation and Relationship skills’
Module 5: - ‘Community, Collecting and Compulsivity’
Module 6: - ‘ Relapse Prevention and New Life Goals’
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

35. Assessing Change
All sex offender treatment programmes are studied with respect to their clinical impact.
Changes in scores on psychometric tests and interviews are examined for every offender.
The IBAQ will continue to be developed for use as a risk assessment measure specific to this offender group.
Psychometric change will be assessed by taking pre and post treatment measures on scales related to the programme’s goals.
NPD has an existing programme of evaluation for all SOTP programmes with relevant comparison data.
Full information is maintained on all offenders undergoing the programme and longitudinal follow up report of effect on recidivism will be prepared.
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013

36. Questions?
PPANI - Internet Offending 2013