1. National Income Accounting:Important Identities

2. Measuring the
Production, Income,
and Spending of
Nations

3. National Income Accounts:
Provide the formal structure for our macro-theory models
Aggregate Demand….aggregate income..consumed or invested
Aggregate Supply….Total output..paid as wages, interest and
dividends
In equilibrium….Aggregate Demand=Aggregate Supply (growth)
Inputs=Outputs
Real output
price level
Broad magnitudes to characterize the economy

4. Basic Measures:
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the value of final goods
and services produced in the country within a given period
Notable terms
final goods
Intermediate goods
Value Added
Past output vs. current outputs
Measure of welfare
Use of resources to avoid bads such as crime
Improvement in the quality
in the country

5. Factors of production….labor, capital, land
GDP= sum of payments to labor, capital, land and profits
˸Gross National Product (GNP)
GDP+receipts from abroad made as factor payments to domestically
owned factors of production.

6. Net Domestic Product
GPP minus depreciation
Depreciation is usually 11%
NDP=89% of GDP
National Income
NDP-Indirect taxes that Business pay
Indirect taxes that Business pay nearly 10%
NI is nearly 90% of NDP

7. PI is the total income received – whether it is earned or unearned – by the households of the economy before the payment of personal taxes.
It is found by adding transfer payments to and subtracting social security contributions ,corporate income taxes and undistributed corporate profits from the NI.
DI is the total income available to households after the payment of personal taxes. It is equal to PI less personal taxes and also equal to personal consumption expenditures plus personal saving.

8. GDP in 2003
$million
United States
Japan
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Itlay
China
Spain
Canada
Mexico
10,881,609
4,326,444
2,400,655
1,794,858
1,747,973
1,465,895
1,409,852
836,100
834,390
626,080

9. GDP:
An important and versatile concept
We will see that GDP measures
§ total income
§ total expenditure
§ total output
§ the sum of value-added at all stages
in the production of final goods

10. How to measure GDP?
There are three approaches to the measurement of GDP:
spending,
income,
and production.

11. Spending Approach The spending approach divides GDP into four areas:
households (consumption) (C)
businesses (investment) (I)
government (G) and
foreigners (net exports) (X-IM).

12. Investment (I)
def1: spending on [the factor of production] capital.
def2: spending on goods bought for future use. Includes:
§ business fixed investment spending on plant and equipment that
firms will use to produce other goods & services
§ residential fixed investment spending on housing units by consumers
and landlords
§ inventory investment the change in the value of all firms’ inventories

13. Investment vs. Capital
§ Capital is one of the factors of production.
At any given moment, the economy has a certain overall stock of capital.
§ Investment is spending on new capital.
Example (assumes no depreciation):
§ 1/1/2002: economy has $500b worth of capital
§ during 2002: investment = $37b
§ 1/1/2003: economy will have $537b worth of capital

14. Stocks vs. Flows
Flow Stock
More examples:
stock flow
a person’s wealth a person’s saving
# of people with # of new college
college degrees graduates
the govt. debt the govt. budget deficit

15. A question for you:
Suppose a firm
§ produces $10 million worth of final goods
§ but only sells $9 million worth.
Does this violate the expenditure = output identity?

16. Why output = expenditure
§ Unsold output goes into inventory,
and is counted as “inventory investment”… .
….whether the inventory buildup was intentional or not.
§ In effect, we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output.

17. The income approach
The income approach divides GDP according to who receives the income from the spending flow.
In addition to aggregate income, national income and personal income are also used as measures of income.

19. The income approach The Income Components Include: Wages and salaries
Corporate profits
Proprietors income (the profits of partnerships and soley owned businesses, like a family restaurant)
Farm income
Rent
Interest
Sales taxes
Depreciation (the amount of capital that has worn out during the year)

20. Interest (only the interest payments made by business firms
are included and the interest payments made by government are excluded).
Corporate profits which are subdivided into
Corporate income taxes
Dividends
Undistributed corporate profits

21. Three additions are made to the income side to balance it with expenditures.
1.Indirect business taxes are added because they are initially income that later gets paid to government.
2.Depreciation or the consumption of fixed capital is added because it is initially income to businesses that later gets deducted in calculating profits.
3.Net foreign factor income is added because it reflects income from all domestic output regardless of the foreign or domestic ownership of domestic resources.

22. The production approach
The production approach looks at GDP from the standpoint of value added by each input in the production process.
The three approaches--spending, income, and production– (should) result in equivalent values for GDP.

24. Below is a list of domestic output and national income figures for a given year. All figures are in billions.
Determine the major national income measures by both the expenditures and income methods.
Personal consumption expenditures
$245
Net foreign factor income earned in the U.S.
0004
Transfer payments
0012
Rents
0014
Consumption of fixed capital (depreciation)
0027
Social security contributions
0020
Interest
0013
Proprietors’ income
0033
Net exports
0011
Dividends
0016
Compensation of employees
0223
Indirect business taxes
0018
Undistributed corporate profits
0021
Personal taxes
0026
Corporate income taxes
0019
Corporate profits
0056
Government purchases
0072
Net private domestic investment
Personal saving

25. Simple Economy…..No govt…no foreign trade
C=consumption
I=investment
S=saving
Y= Income
Output produced=output sold
Y= C+I………….(1)
I=S
Y=C+S…………(2)

26. Introducing govt. in the above identity
G= govt. purchases of goods and services
TA=all taxes
TR=transfers to private sector (including interest)
NX=net exports (exports-imports)
YD=disposable income
Y=C+I+G+NX……….(3)
YD=Y+TR-TA………..(4)
YD= C+S………………(5)
C+S=Y+TR-TA

27. T - G: the Government's Budgetary Balance;
LEAKAGES (Withdrawals (W) :  (T + S + IM) out of the system must equal INJECTIONS (J):  (G + I + X) for the circular flow to balance (be in EQUILIBRIUM).
Withdrawals [ T + S + IM] = Injections [G + I + X] can be broken down to three important balances in the economy:
T - G:  the Government's Budgetary Balance;
S - I:  the Private Sector's Saving/Investment Balance;
IM - X:  the Country's Trade Balance (current account of Balance of Payments)

28. C=YD-S=Y+TR-TA-S……………………..(6)
Consumption is disposable income less saving
Or consumption is equal to income plus transfers less taxes and saving
Using RHS of (6) in (3):
Y=C+I+G+NX……….(3)
Y= (Y+TR-TA-S)+ I+G+NX
S-I=(TR-TA+G)+NX…………………………(7)
Govt. budget deficit,I.e., total govt. expenditure consisting of govt.
Purchases of goods and services(G) plus govt. transfer payments (TR)
Minus amount of taxes (TA) received by govt. equals excess of private saving over investment and net exports

29. The budget deficit, trade, saving and investment(in Rs. Billion)
Saving (S)……………
Investment(I)…………
Budget Deficit(BD)…
Net Exports (NX)……

30. Exercises
Q.1 What would happen to GDP if the govt. hired unemployed
Workers, who had been receiving amount $TR in unemployment
Benefits, as govt. employees and now paid them $TR to do nothing?
Explain.
Q.2In the national income accounts, what is the difference between:
a)A firm’s buying an auto for an executive and the firm’s paying the
Executive additional income to buy the automobile herself?
b)Your hiring your spouse (who takes care of the house) rather
than having him or her do the work without pay?
c)Your deciding to buy an Indian car rather than a German car?

31. 3. The following is information from the national income accounts for a hypothetical country:
GDP $6, 000
Gross investment
Net investment
Consumption , 000
Government purchases of goods and services 1, 100
Government budget surplus
What is:
a. NDP? d. Disposable personal income?
b. Next exports? e. Personal saving?
c. Government taxes minus transfers?

32. GDP and GDP deflator
§ We would like to convert different goods
quantities and prices into one single quantity of composite good and
one general price level. How?
§ We use the concepts of nominal GDP, real GDP and
GDP deflator to achieve such aggregation.

33. Real vs. Nominal GDP
§ GDP is the value of all final goods and services
produced domestically.
§ Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices .
§ Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year.

34. Real and Nominal GDP 2001 Nominal GDP 2006 Nominal GDP 2006 Real GDP
Bread (ton)
1 at Rs.1 thousand
… Rs. 1thousand
2 at Rs.2 thousand
.. Rs. 4 thousand
2 at Rs. 1 thousand…………Rs.2 thousand
Milk (thousand Litres)
1 at Rs 0.5 thousand………....Rs. 0.5 thousand
3 at Rs.0.75 thousand…………..Rs thousand
3 at Rs.0.50 thousand…………..Rs.1.50 thousand
Total GDP
Rs. 1.5
thousand
Rs thousand
Rs thousand

35. Real GDP and living standard
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to:
§ changes in prices
§ changes in quantities of output
produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to
changes in quantities, because real GDP is
constructed using constant base-year
prices. Therefore, changes in real GDP
measure changes in living standard.

36. GDP Deflator
While real GDP captures living standard,
cost of living is measured by general price level.
One measure of the general price level is the GDP Deflator, defined as
GDP deflator = 100 * Nominal GDP /Real GDP

37. Measuring the Cost of Living
§ Inflation refers to a situation in which the economy’s
overall price level is rising.
§ The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level
from the previous period.

38. Exercise: The following table shows nominal GDP and an appropriate price index for a group of selected years. Compute real GDP. Indicate in each calculation whether you are inflating or deflating the nominal GDP data
Nominal GDP billions
Price index (1992=100)
Real GDP billions
1959
$ 507.2
23.0
$______
1964
663.0
24.6
1967
833.6
26.6
1973
1382.6
35.4
1988
5049.6
86.1
1995
7265.4
107.8

39. CPI vs. GDP deflator
prices of capital goods
• included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically)
• excluded from CPI
prices of imported consumer goods
• included in CPI
• excluded from GDP deflator
the basket of goods
• CPI: fixed
• GDP deflator: changes every year

40. International Comparisons of GDP
In any attempt to compare GDP between countries, some account must be taken of differences in prices.
Adjustment for GDP based on exchange rates makes some improvement in the comparison of GDP figures.
However, if we wish to determine the value of GDP in another country, some information on the price differences of goods is needed.

41. Purchasing power parity exchange rates
attempt to adjust exchange rates for
differences in the prices of goods across
borders through the use of a ratio of price indexes.
The exchange rate is adjusted to reflect this ratio

42. Once this adjustment is made, international rankings of countries
based on GDP or per capita GDP tend to fluctuate
as exchange rates vary, while the corresponding prices do not.
Despite their variability due to exchange rate fluctuations,
purchasing power parity exchange rates provide a better basis
for international comparisons than an adjustment based
solely on exchange rates.