1. Or Things that go BOOM in the night
Combustible Dust Or
Things that go BOOM in the night
Warren Silverman MD

3. In 1999, a primary explosion of natural gas in an idle power boiler followed by a secondary explosion of disturbed coal dust in the facility caused six fatalities and fourteen serious injuries in a Michigan electrical power generation facility. (See Safety and Health Information Bulletin: Potential for Natural Gas and Coal Dust Explosions in Electrical Power Generating Facilities.)

4. In May 2002, an explosion occurred at Rouse Polymerics International, Inc., a rubber fabricating plant, in Vicksburg, Mississippi, which injured eleven employees, five of whom later died of severe burns. The explosion occurred when highly combustible rubber dust that had been allowed to accumulate ignited.

5. On January 29, 2003, an explosion and fire destroyed the West Pharmaceutical Services plant in Kinston, North Carolina, causing six deaths, dozens of injuries, and hundreds of job losses. The facility produced rubber stoppers and other products for medical use. The fuel for the explosion was a fine plastic powder, which accumulated above a suspended ceiling over a manufacturing area at the plant and ignited.

6. On February 20, 2003, an explosion and fire damaged the CTA Acoustics manufacturing plant in Corbin, Kentucky, fatally injuring seven employees. The facility produced fiberglass insulation for the automotive industry. The resin involved was a phenolic binder used in producing fiberglass mats.

7. On the evening of October 29, 2003, a series of explosions severely burned three employees, one fatally, and caused property damage to the Hayes Lemmerz manufacturing plant in Huntington, Indiana. One of the severely burned men subsequently died. The Hayes Lemmerz plant manufactures cast aluminum automotive wheels, and the explosions were fueled by accumulated aluminum dust, a combustible byproduct of the wheel production process.

8. What are we talking about? Some terms used:
Combustible
capable of igniting and burning
Deflagration
combustion that propagates through a gas or along the surface of an explosive at a rapid rate driven by the transfer of heat
Subsonic ( propagates slower than the speed of sound)
No additional heat source is needed to cause reaction to continue

9. Definitions: Combustible Dust
A particulate (solid) which is a fire or deflagration hazard when it is airborne in air or other oxidizing medium over a range of concentrations regardless of particle size or shape
Usually refers to, but is no restricted to particles 420μm or smaller (can pass through a US #40 standard sieve
Usually, the finer the dust particles, the more explosive

10. Different dusts of the same chemical material will have different ignitability and explosibility characteristics,
variables include particle size, shape, and moisture content.
Additionally, these variables can change while the material is passing through process equipment

11. Deflagration Isolation
Deflagration Isolation. A method employing equipment and procedures that interrupts the propagation of a deflagration of a flame front, past a predetermined point.
Deflagration Suppression. The technique of detecting and arresting combustion in a confined space while the combustion is still in its incipient stage, thus preventing the development of pressures that could result in an explosion.
Detonation. Propagation of a combustion zone at a velocity that is greater than the speed of sound in the unreacted medium.
Dust-ignitionproof. Equipment enclosed in a manner that excludes dusts and does not permit arcs, sparks, or heat otherwise generated or liberated inside of the enclosure to cause ignition of exterior accumulations or atmospheric suspensions of a specified dust on or in the vicinity of the enclosure.

12. Dusttight. Enclosures constructed so that dust will not enter under specified test conditions.
Explosion. The bursting or rupture of an enclosure or a container due to the development of internal pressure from deflagration.
Minimum Explosible Concentration (MEC). The minimum concentration of combustible dust suspended in air, measured in mass per unit volume that will support a deflagration

13. The following criteria must be met before a deflagration can occur:
The dust has to be combustible.
The dust has to be dispersed in air or another oxidant, and the concentration of this dispersed dust is at or above the minimum explosible concentration (MEC).
There is an ignition source, such as an electrostatic discharge, spark, glowing ember, hot surface, friction heat, or a flame that can ignite the dispersed combustible mixture that is at or above the MEC.

14. the following criteria must be met before an explosion can occur:
The above criteria for deflagration must be present.
The combustible mixture is dispersed within a confined enclosure (and the confined enclosure does not contain sufficient deflagration venting capacity to safely release the pressures) such as a vessel, storage bin, ductwork, room or building. It must be noted that a small deflagration can disturb and suspend the combustible dust, which could then serve as the fuel for a secondary (and often more damaging) deflagration or explosion.

15. Danger signs
Plant History of Fires: The plant has a history of fires involving combustible dusts.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS): The MSDS may indicate that a particular dust is combustible and can cause explosions, deflagrations, or other fires. However, do not use MSDSs as a sole source of information because this information is often excluded from MSDSs.

16. Dust Accumulations: whenever a dust layer of 1/32- inch thickness accumulates over a surface area of at least 5% of the floor area of the facility or any given room. The 5% factor should not be used if the floor area exceeds 20,000 ft2, in which case a 1,000 ft2 layer of dust is the upper limit.

17. Accumulations on overhead beams, joists, ducts, the tops of equipment, and other surfaces should be included when determining the dust coverage area. Even vertical surfaces should be included if the dust is adhering to them.

18. on and around equipment (leaks around dust collectors and ductwork.)
Likely areas of dust accumulations within a plant are:
structural members
conduit and pipe racks
cable trays
floors
above ceiling
on and around equipment (leaks around dust collectors and ductwork.)

19. Fire / Explosion hazard areas
Class I : Liquids or vapors
Class II : Combustible Dusts
Class III : Fibers or Flyings (often not suspended)
Petroleum refineries, and gasoline storage and dispensing areas;
Dry cleaning plants where vapors from cleaning fluids can be present;
Spray finishing areas;
Aircraft hangars and fuel servicing areas; and
Utility gas plants, and operations involving storage and handling of liquified petroleum gas or natural gas.
Grain elevators;
Flour and feed mills;
Plants that manufacture, use or store magnesium or aluminum powders;
Producers of plastics, medicines and fireworks;
Producers of starch or candies;
Spice-grinding plants, sugar plants and cocoa plants; and
Coal preparation plants and other carbon handling or processing areas.
Textile mills, cotton gins;
Cotton seed mills, flax processing plants; and
Plants that shape, pulverize or cut wood and create sawdust or flyings.

20. Class II Dusts
Division 1:
Ignitable quantities of dust normally are or may be in suspension, or conductive dust may be present
Division 2:
Dust not normally suspended in an ignitable concentration (but may accidentally exist). Dust layers are present.
E: Metal dusts (conductive,* and explosive) F: Carbon dusts (some are conductive,* and all are explosive) G: Flour, starch, grain, combustible plastic or chemical dust (explosive)

21. Class II locations. Class II locations are those that are hazardous because of the presence of combustible dust.
Group E. Atmospheres containing combustible metal dusts, including aluminum, magnesium, and their commercial alloys, and other combustible dusts whose particle size, abrasiveness, and conductivity present similar hazards in the use of electrical equipment. Group F. Atmospheres containing combustible carbonaceous dusts that have more than 8 percent total entrapped volatiles or that have been sensitized by other materials so that they present an explosion hazard. Coal, carbon black, charcoal, and coke dusts are examples of carbonaceous dusts.
Group G. Atmospheres containing other combustible dusts, including flour, grain, wood flour, plastic and chemicals.

22. Types of Dust Organic Wood Metal Plastic Dust (additives)
Sugar, Flour, Paper, Soap, Dried Blood
Wood
All varieties including sawdust
Metal
Aluminum, Magnesium
Plastic Dust (additives)
Carbon Dust : Coal

23. Elements of Disaster Fuel – Combustible Dust Ignition Source
Friction, Heat ( conductive, convection), electrical sparks, static electric spark, heat generating activities (grinding , welding), Smoldering
Oxygen or other oxidizing agent
Dust Dispersion causing a cloud at or above the Minimal Explosible Concentration (MEC)
Confinement of the dust cloud
Dust Collectors, Process Machinery

24. Kst The deflagration index of a dust cloud
Dust explosion class*
Kst (bar.m/s)*
Characteristic*
Typical material**
St 0
No explosion
Silica
St 1
>0 and ≤ 200
Weak explosion
Powdered milk, charcoal, sulfur, sugar and zinc
St 2
>200 and ≤ 300
Strong explosion
Cellulose, wood flour, and poly methyl acrylate
St 3
>300
Very strong explosion
Anthraquinone, aluminum, and magnesium

25. Common Dusts Micron Kst Value Activated Carbon 18 44 Aluminum Grit 41
100
Aluminum Powder 22
400
Asphalt 29
117
Barley Grain Dust 51
240
Brown Coal
123
Charcoal
Cotton 24
Magnesium 28
508
Methyl Cellulose 37
209
Milk Powder
165 90
Paper Tissue Dust 54 52
Pectin 59
162
Polyurethane 3
156
Rice Starch
190
Silicon 10
126
Soap 65
111
Soy Bean Flour 20
110
Sulphur
151
Tobacco 49 12
Toner 23
145
Wood Dust 43
102

26. Combustible Dust Testing
NFPA 68 stipulates that if a dust sample is available, it must be tested.
The standard further states that it is the responsibility of the end-user (i.e., the plant or safety engineer) to commission the required testing and report on results

27. Dust Testing Obtain dust sample and send to lab
Screening test – Inert vs. explosive
If Inert - stop
If combustible:
Kst (defined as the deflagration index of a dust cloud, or rate of pressure rise)
Pmax (the maximum pressure in a contained explosion).
Costs will range from around $600 for screening only to about $1,400 for the standard battery of ASTM explosibility tests if needed

28. Places to collect dust samples
"High spaces" such as roof beams, open web beams, tops of pipes and ductwork, and other horizontal surfaces located as high in the overhead as possible. Note: These are the preferred locations; however, if a means of safe access is not available, sample(s) should not be collected.
Equipment and floors where dust has accumulated.
The interior (i.e., bins and/or bags) of a dust collector.
Within ductwork.

29. Tests run Percent through 40 mesh • Percent moisture content
• Percent combustible material
• Percent combustible dust
• Metal dusts will include resistivity
• Minimum explosive concentration (MEC)
• Minimum ignition energy (MIE)
• Class II test
• Sample weight
• Maximum normalized rate of pressure rise (dP/dt) – Kst Test
• Minimum ignition temperature

30. The following information may be gathered during the course of the inspection:
Explosion prevention and mitigation controls such as
the isolation or segregation of dust-generating processes,
building damage-limiting construction,
explosion venting for dust-processing areas;
process equipment relief process isolation and
explosion suppression
The dimensions of the room as well as the areas of the dust accumulations of greater than 1/32-inch depth.
The design information on the dust collection systems, along with
model numbers and serial numbers (located on the side of the equipment along with the manufacturer and phone numbers).

31. Warning signs or alerts on the equipment referencing combustible dust.
Size (volume) of dust collectors (Note: Dust collectors are referred to as "air-material separators" in NFPA 654).
Warning signs or alerts on the equipment referencing combustible dust.
Any sources of ignition in the area, such as welding, fork truck traffic, etc.
Information on whether the electrical equipment in the area is designed for use in a hazardous (classified) location.
Note: Do not open electrical boxes or disconnect electrical cords. Opening them could cause an electrical arc, especially in an area with metal dust.)

32. Even if you believe your dust is inert, it should be tested since materials (ie: glue on paper, some coating applied, etc) may change the combustible nature of the material

33. If your dust is found to be even slightly combustible, you will be required to use explosion venting equipment on your dust collector
The specific results of the explosibility testing will enable your dust collection supplier to determine whether you can use a standard explosion vent; or whether the vent size, ducting and related components will need to be specially calculated and modified to ensure compliance.
Equipment must meet NFPA guidelines

34. Dust Control (NFPA 654)
Minimize the escape of dust from process equipment or ventilation systems;
Use dust collection systems and filters;
Utilize surfaces that minimize dust accumulation and facilitate cleaning;
Provide access to all hidden areas to permit inspection;
Inspect for dust residues in open and hidden areas, at regular intervals;
Clean dust residues at regular intervals;

35. Dust Control
Use cleaning methods that do not generate dust clouds, if ignition sources are present;
Only use vacuum cleaners approved for dust collection;
Locate relief valves away from dust hazard areas; and
Develop and implement a hazardous dust inspection, testing, housekeeping, and control program (preferably in writing with established frequency and methods).

36. The OSHA ventilation standard, 29 CFR 1910
The OSHA ventilation standard, 29 CFR , contains ventilation requirements for certain types of operations (such as abrasives, blasting, grinding, or buffing) which involve dusts, including combustible dusts.
29 CFR (a)(1) requires employers to keep work places and other areas clean, which includes the removal of dust accumulations

37. Immediate cleaning is warranted whenever a dust layer of 1/32-inch thickness accumulates over a surface area of at least 5% of the floor area of the facility or any given room.
The 5% factor should not be used if the floor area exceeds 20,000 cubic foot, in which case a 1,000 cubic foot layer of dust is the upper limit.
Accumulations on overhead beams, joists, ducts, the tops of equipment, and other surfaces should be included when determining the dust coverage area. Even vertical surfaces should be included if the dust is adhering to them.
1/32 inch is about the thickness of a paper clip

38. Areas to look for dust
• structural members • conduit and pipe racks • cable trays • floors • above ceiling • on and around equipment (leaks around dust collectors and ductwork.)

39. Ignition Control
Use appropriate electrical equipment and wiring methods;
Control static electricity, including bonding of equipment to ground;
Control smoking, open flames, and sparks;
Control mechanical sparks and friction;
Use separator devices to remove foreign materials capable of igniting combustibles from process materials; .

40. Separate heated surfaces from dusts;
Separate heating systems from dusts;
Proper use and type of industrial trucks;
Proper use of cartridge activated tools; and
Adequately maintain all the above equipment

41. Electrical Wiring
When a dust hazard area is identified, special Class II wiring methods and equipment (such as "dust ignition-proof" and "dust-tight") must be used as required by 29 CFR and as detailed in NFPA 70 Article 500.
Do not confuse Class II equipment with Class I explosion-proof equipment, as Class II addresses dust hazards, while Class I addresses gas, vapor and liquid hazards.

42. Damage Control Separation of the hazard (isolate with distance);
Segregation of the hazard (isolate with a barrier);
Deflagration venting of a building, room, or area;
Pressure relief venting for equipment;
Provision of spark/ember detection and extinguishing systems;
Explosion protection systems (also refer to NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems);
Sprinkler systems; and
The use of other specialized suppression systems.

43. Training
Workers are the first line of defense in preventing and mitigating fires and explosions.
The people closest to the source of the hazard should be trained to recognize and prevent hazards associated with combustible dust in the plant,
they can be instrumental in recognizing unsafe conditions
taking preventative action
and/or alerting management.
Employers with hazardous chemicals (including combustible dusts) in their workplaces are required to comply with 29 CFR , the Hazard Communication standard.

44. Documents of Interest
a. NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust
Explosions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of
Combustible Particulate Solids.
b. NFPA 484, Standard for Combustible Metals, Metal Powders, and
Metal Dusts.
c. NFPA 664, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Explosions in
Wood Processing and Woodworking Facilities.
c. NFPA 68, Guide for Venting of Deflagrations.
d. NFPA 85: Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code
e. NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems.
f. NFPA 499, Recommended Practice for the Classification of
Combustible Dusts and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for
Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas.
g. FM Global Safety Data pamphlet FM 7-76

45. Applicable OSHA Standards
Housekeeping
Design and Construction for Exit Routes
Safeguards and Features for Exit Routes
Emergency Action Plans
Fire Prevention Plans
Ventilation
Personal Protective Equipment
Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs and Tags
Permit-Required Confined Space
Fire Extinguishers
Employee Alarm Systems
Material handling
Powered Industrial Trucks
Electrical Power Generation
Grain Handling Facilities
Hazardous Locations
Hazard Communication

46. General Duty Clause
Must have a feasible means to abate the hazard in order for OSHA to cite the General Duty Clause
Compliance Officers are allowed to use the NFPA standards as evidence of feasible means of abatement
NFPA standards can also be used for evidence of industry recognition of the hazard

47. NFPA Publications Relevant to Combustible Dust Hazard Controls
NFPA Number
Title
Current Edition 61
Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust Explosions in Agricultural and Food Processing Facilities
2008 68
Guide for Venting of Deflagrations
2007 69
Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems 70
National Electrical Code 77
Recommended Practice on Static Electricity 85
Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code 86
Standard for Ovens and Furnaces 91
Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids
2004
484
Standard for Combustible Metals
2006
499
Recommended Practice for the Classification of Combustible Dusts and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas
654
Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of Combustible Particulate Solids
655
Standard for Prevention of Sulfur Fires and Explosions
664
Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Explosions in Wood Processing and Woodworking Facilities

48. http://www. osha. gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp. show_document
• Old Directive Number: CPL
• Title: Combustible Dust National Emphasis Program (Reissued)
• Information Date: 03/11/2008

49. Other Dusts

50. Three Primary Categories
Respirable Dust
Inhalable Dust
Total Dust

51. Respirable Dust
respirable particles Mass fraction of dust (particles) that penetrates to the unciliated airways of the lung (the alveolar region).
Note: This fraction is represented by a cumulative log-normal curve having a median aerodynamic diameter of 4 µm, standard deviation 2 µm

52. Inhalable Dust Total Dust
The EPA describes inhalable dust as that size fraction of dust which enters the body, but is trapped in the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract. The median aerodynamic diameter of this dust is about 10 µm.
Total Dust
Total dust includes all airborne particles, regardless of their size or composition.

53. The Health Effects Dust composition - Chemical - Mineralogical
Dust concentration  - On a weight basis: milligrams of dust per cubic meter of air (mg/m3)  - On a quantity basis: million particles per cubic foot of air (mppcf)
Particle size and shape  - The particulate size distribution within the respirable range  - Fiberous or spherical
Exposure time

54. Applicable OSHA Standards
General Industry (29 CFR 1910) 1910 Subpart G, Occupational health and environmental controls
, Ventilation
1910 Subpart Z, Toxic and hazardous substances
, Air contaminants
Table Z-1, Limits for air contaminants
Table Z-3, Mineral dusts
Shipyard Employment (29 CFR 1915) 1915 Subpart C, Surface preparation and preservation
, Mechanical paint removers
1915 Subpart Z, Toxic and hazardous substances
, Air contaminants
Construction Industry (29 CFR 1926) 1926 Subpart D, Occupational health and environmental controls
, Gases, vapors, fumes, dusts, and mists
Appendix A Gases, vapors, fumes, dusts, and mists
, Ventilation

55. Pneumoconiosis
Coal workers lung(also known as "black lung" or anthracosis) -
Asbestosis
Silicosis (also known as "grinder's disease") – silica
Bauxite fibrosis - bauxite
Berylliosis – beryllium
Siderosis – iron
Byssinosis – cotton
Silicosiderosis - mixed dust containing silica and iron
Labrador Lung (found in miners in Labrador , Canada) - mixed dust containing iron, silica and anthophyllite, a type of asbestos
Popcorn workers lung disease – Diacetyl emissions and airborne dust from butter flavorings used in microwave popcorn production

57. Airborne Fungal Dusts Histoplasmosis
Other animal or plant based species
Psitticosis
Coccidiomycosis
Fungal agents in wood processing,sawmills

58. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Type[7]
Specific antigen
Exposure
Bird fancier's lung Also called bird breeder's lung, pigeon breeder's lung, and poultry worker's Lung.
Avian proteins
Feathers and bird droppings [8]
Farmer's lung
The moldsThermophilic actinomycetes[8]
Aspergillus species
Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula, and
Micropolyspora faeni
Moldy hay
Crack lung
Crack cocaine
Heavy crack smoking
Bagassosis
Thermophilic actinomycetes[8]
Moldy bagasse (pressed sugarcane)

59. Malt worker's lung
Aspergillus clavatus[8]
Moldy barley
Maple bark disease
Cryptostroma corticale[8]
Moldy maple bark
Miller's lung
Sitophilus granarius (wheat weevil)[8]
Dust-contaminated grain[8]
Humidifier lung
The bacteriaT. candidus
Bacillus subtilis
B. cereus, and Klebsiella oxytoca;
Thermophilic actinomycetes[8]
the fungi
Aureobasidium pullulans;[8]
and the amoebae
Naegleria gruberi,
Acanthamoeba polyhaga, and
Acanthamoeba castellani.
Mist generated by a machine from standing water

60. Mushroom worker's lung
Thermophilic actinomycetes
Mushroom compost
Compost lung
Aspergillus
Compost
Peat moss worker's lung
Caused by Monocillium sp. and Penicillium citreonigrum
Peat moss
Suberosis
Penicillum frequentans
Moldy cork dust
Japanese summer house HP
Trichosporon cutaneum
Damp wood and mats
Cheese-washer's lung
Penicillum casei[8] or P.roqueforti
Cheese casings
Metalworking fluids HP
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria.
Mist from metalworking fluids.
Hot tub lung
Mycobacterium avium complex
Mist from hot tubs.
Mollusc shell HP
Aquatic animal proteins
Mollusc shell dust.
Isocyanate HP
TDI, HDI, and MDI
Paints, resins, and polyurethane foams.

61. TMA HP chemical worker's lung[8]
Trimellitic anhydride[8]
Plastics, resins, and paints.
Berylliosis
Beryllium
Electronics industry
Wine-grower's lung
Botrytis cinerea mold
Moldy grapes