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COMPONENTS, ELEMENTS AND CONTROLS OF CLIMATE (Lecture 1)
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Spatial variations in climate Climate as a system
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Temporal variations in climate (Seasonal) Climate as a system
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Temporal variations in climate (Seasonal) Climate as a system
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Long-term changes in climate Climate as a system
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Components of the Climate System
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Radiation Scattering and Albedo
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Eccentricity (orbital stretch) Shape of Earths yearly path around sun Earths orbit is not perfectly circular: elliptical shape Orbit shaped by gravitational pull of planets Eccentricity is NOT constant (~100ky & 400ky) Eccentricity is SECONDARY reason for seasons
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Eccentricity (orbital stretch) Affects amount of energy reaching Earth!
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Obliquity (axial tilt) The tilt of axis of rotation relative to the plane of the Earths orbit about the Sun
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Obliquity (axial tilt) Obliquity NOT constant: 22.1°-24.5° variation (~41ky) Affects global distribution of solar energy!
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Obliquity (axial tilt) The PRIMARY cause of the seasons
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Simple Change in Axial Tilt No tilt, solar radiation always over equator No seasonal change in solar radiation Solstices and equinoxes do not exist 90° tilt, solar radiation hits poles Day-long darkness Day-long light Extreme seasonality
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Precession (Earth wobble) Earths spin axis wobbles, gradually leaning in different directions (direction of leaning or tilting changes through time)
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Precession (Earth wobble) Caused by gravitational pull of Sun + Moon One circular path takes 25,700 years Earths rotational axis points in different directions through time
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Precession (Earth wobble) Earths wobble and rotation of its elliptical orbit produce precession of the solstices and equinoxes One cycles takes 23,000 years
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Precession (Earth wobble) Affects climate by changing the global distribution of solar energy Today VS 11,500 yrs ago
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OVERALL CLIMATIC EFFECT OF ORBITAL CHANGES
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Sunspots and Dustclouds Sunspot:
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END LECTURE 1
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CONTROLS OF CLIMATE (Lecture 2)
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Climate as a System
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Pressure DECREASES with height! (Think: swimming pool)
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Energy and the Atmosphere Solar Radiation EARTH Atmosphere
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Energy and Latitude
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Vs.
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Perpendicular Surfaces get More…
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Energy and Latitude
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Daily changes in insolation at the Earths surface The sun does not get bigger/hotter throughout the day… It just changes position!
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How does differential heating cause climate zones?
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Hadley Cells (super simple version)
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Hadley Cells (simple version) What causes multiple cells? Why do winds curve? What do all these have to do with climate and climate zones?
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End Lecture 2
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CONTROLS OF CLIMATE Part 2 (Lecture 3)
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Hadley Cells (super simple version)
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Hadley Cells (simple version) What causes multiple cells? Why do winds curve? What do all these have to do with climate and climate zones?
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Coriolis Force Effect
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Coriolis, winds and cloud patterns
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Hadley Cells (simple version)
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Convergent/Divergent Zones Convergent Divergent (at Earths surface)
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3 Main Pressure Belts Easterlies Westerlies Trade Winds
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ITCZ
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ITCZ and Equatorial Rainforests
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Polar Front
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Polar Fronts and Boreal Forests
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Subtropical High
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Subtropical Highs and Deserts
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Polar Highs and Tundra Why isnt it a desert in the N and S poles? 1. Not enough sunlight… 2. Thinner atmosphere
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Putting it all together…
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Points to Ponder… Why are deserts/forests patchy instead of stripy? Why are some glaciers found in rainforests and some rainforests found in deserts?
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End Lecture 3 Next lecture: Regional/Local Controls of Climate
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REGIONAL AND LOCAL CONTROLS OF CLIMATE (Lecture 4)
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Hadley Cells and Global Climate
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0°0°30°60°90° N. Pole 30°60° 90° S. Pole All seasons wet All seasons dry All seasons wet All seasons dry
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Non-uniformity of Global Climate Why patchy and not stripy? LISBON, PT OMAHA, NE, USA
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Non-uniformity of Global Climate Lisbon, PT: (Latitude 38°N) Avg. Min. Temp. = 8°C (Jan) Avg. Max. Temp. = 28°C (Aug)
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Non-uniformity of Global Climate Omaha, NE, USA: (Latitude 41°N) Avg. Min. Temp. = -6°C (Jan) Avg. Max. Temp. = 23°C (Aug)
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Water takes longer to heat than land
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Water has a moderating effect on land temperature
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Water takes longer to cool than land
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Water has a moderating effect on land temperature
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Water Moves Heat To/From Areas
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Thermohaline Circulation 1. Sun heats water around the equator 2. Surface currents take warm water north (N. Atlantic)
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Thermohaline Circulation 3. Surface water cools as it heads to high latitudes (heat released to the atmosphere) 4. Cool/salty water sinks and heads south
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Thermohaline Circ. is what keeps Western Europe warm! Dublin, IEMinsk, BY
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Lyon, FR Lucerne, CH
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201 meters436 metersElevation
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End Lecture 4 Next lecture: More Regional/Local Controls of Climate
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MORE REGIONAL AND LOCAL CONTROLS OF CLIMATE (Lecture 5)
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0°0°30°60°90° N. Pole 30°60° 90° S. Pole All seasons wet All seasons dry All seasons wet All seasons dry
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3 Main Pressure Belts Easterlies Westerlies Trade Winds
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GULF STREAM KEEPS WESTERN EUROPE WARMER THAN IT OUGHT TO BE (CONSIDERING LATITUDE)
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Land-Sea Night Temp. Differences
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NIGHT TIME THERMAL INFRARED IMAGE SHOWING : WATER WARMER THAN LAND
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More Regional/Local Climate Factors
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Seattle, WA Yakima, WA
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More Regional/Local Climate Factors
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The Influence of Topography on Climate 1. Promoting convection Cooler Air Warm Air
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2. Forcing air to rise along windward slopes AIR MASS PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION OROGRAPHIC UPLIFT: The vertical forcing of air by terrain features such a hills or mountain The Influence of Topography on Climate
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Orographic Uplift and Climate Uplifted air cools and releases moisture contents AIR MASS PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION Precipitation greater if air mass is from a water body
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Aspect and Climate Uplifted air (now dry) crosses ridge and descends… Air heats adiabatically Hot, dry air continues onward… 3. Forcing air to sink along leeward slopes
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Aspect and Climate Wet, windward aspect VS. Dry, leeward aspect (RAINSHADOW) Rainshadow: An area of diminished precipitation on the lee side of mountains
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Karijini National Park, W. Australia
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Complex Combinations of Topo + H 2 O…
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WINTER Prevailing Winter Winds
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LAKE EFFECTS
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End Lecture 5 Next lecture: Urban Climates and Mans Effect on Climate
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REGIONAL AND LOCAL CONTROLS OF CLIMATE: URBAN CLIMATES (Lecture 6)
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Surface Type: Urban Surface and Insolation
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Different surfaces have different albedos Different capacities to absorb insolation Surface~Albedo Snow0.98 Grassy field0.20 Farmland0.15 Swampland0.14 Asphalt0.07 Ocean0.03
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Surface Type: Urban Surface and Insolation
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Surface~Specific Heat (J/kg·K) Water (at 0°C)4218 Wet soil1480 Asphalt920 Concrete880 Brick840 Tin228 Surface Type: Urban Surface and Insolation
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Evapotranspiration (ET) = Evaporation (E) + Transpiration (T)
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The majority of clouds over rainforests are generated by rainforests Less rainforests less clouds less albedo warmer temperatures
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Forward looking infrared (FLIR)
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(Relatively) Natural Landscape Urban Landscape
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Urban Structures
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Day: Insolation channelled and trapped
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Night: Thermal energy channelled and trapped
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Wind flow hindered Advection diminished
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Urban heat islands Most cities show a large heat island effect, registering 5–11°C warmer than surrounding rural areas
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Urban heat islands dark surfaces such as asphalt roads or rooftops can reach temperatures 30–40°C higher than surrounding air
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End Lecture 6 Next lecture: Urban Pollution and Urban Climate Climate Classification (bring pillows)
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Urban Climate (Pollution) & Climate Classification Systems
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Urban Heat Island
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Surface Type and Radiation Balance
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Effect of Atmosphere on Radiation Balance
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Particulate matter in the atmosphere tend to reflect insolation Cools the Earths surface
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Effect of Atmosphere on Radiation Balance Particulate matter in the atmosphere tend to absorb and re-radiate thermal energy Warms the Earths surface
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How Greenhouses Work Result: Interior of greenhouse warms 1. Glass walls/ceilings allow short-wave radiation (i.e. light) into greenhouse (1) 2. Radiation absorbed by ground/objects in the greenhouse, which then re- radiate it as long-wave radiation (i.e. heat) (2) 3. Glass walls/ceilings prevent long-wave radiation from leaving (3)
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How greenhouse gases work
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Effect of Atmosphere on Radiation Balance Human activity adds more particulate matter and GHGs into the atmosphere Air pollution affects climate globally and causes other environmental damage (e.g. acid rain, water pollution, etc.)
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Urban climates are especially affected because air pollution concentrated over urban landscape Effect of Atmosphere on Radiation Balance Bogotá, CO Los Angeles, US
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Effect of Atmosphere on Radiation Balance GHGs/Particulate Matter Urban-generated heat Heat absorbed and re-radiated
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Climate Classification Systems
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Climate/weather stations in IE
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End Lecture 7 Next lecture: More Climate Classification
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More Climate Classification Systems
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Group A
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Group B Desert Steppe
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Group C Med. Humid Sub-Trop Maritime Temperate Maritime Sub-Arctic
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Group D Opposite Extreme Temperatures Throughout Year
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Group E Et Ef
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Major Climate Groups (Koppen System)
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End Lecture 8 Next lecture: Finish Climate Systems… Monsoons
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K ö ppen System & Monsoon Climate
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Major Climate Groups (Koppen System)
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Monsoon Climate
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Water takes longer to heat than land Sea Breeze
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Water takes longer to cool than land Land Breeze
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Asian Monsoon
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When would be the best time to climb Mt. Everest: Winter or Summer?
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North American Monsoon
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African Monsoon Two peaks: 1)Late spring (May/Jun) 2)Late summer (Jul/Aug)
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End Lecture 9 Next lecture: Climate & Human Physiology
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Climate & Human Physiology Comfort and Clothing
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Climate and Physiology
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Wind Chill Wind chill (not wind chill factor): The apparent temperature felt on exposed skin due to the combination of air temp and wind speed
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Effects of Humidity Heat Index (HI): index that combines actual air temperature and relative humidity to determine an apparent temperature
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End Lecture 10 Next lecture: Clothing and Survival in Extreme Climates Climate & Agriculture/Horticulture
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Climate & Human Physiology Comfort and Clothing
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Clothes can impact your survival in extreme climates
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Clothing and Survival in Extreme Climates Heat gain in desert: 1. Direct insolation 2. Reflected insolation 3. Conductive heat gain 4. Advective/Convective heat gain
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Clothes can impact your survival in extreme climates
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Clothing and Survival in Extreme Climates
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Clothes can impact your survival in extreme climates
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Climate & Agriculture
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End Lecture 11 Next lecture: Climate & Agriculture/Horticulture
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Climate & Horticulture
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Wind Wind-sensitive crops (e.g. vines/grapes) ideally situated in relatively wind- calm areas Ex: S. Australia Central California S. France If located in wind-prone areas, climate must be modified (e.g. the use of windbreaks)
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End Lecture 12
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