1. Unknown Material Analysis in Less Than A Second Man Portable LIBS A Tool for First Responders in Homeland Defense Roy A. Walters, Ph.D. PE Vice President, Research and Development Ocean Optics, Inc. Winter Park, Florida Roy.Walters@OceanOptics.com

2. What is LIBS? Nd- Yag Laser LIBS3000 Spectrometer Computer - Standard PC Analyze One 7 ns laser pulse 15,000 K plasma, much hotter than the suns surface but for only 20 microseconds Identify < 0.5 sec 0.000000007 seconds

3. Who is a First Responder? Fire Department, Police, Public Health Specifically - an organization of specially trained people serving a single city or a region Includes –Haz-Mat team –Swat team –Medical emergency team –etc.

4. What does the First Responder want an instrument to do? Find out what it is and not have to touch it or get very close If it isnt pure material, find out what other things might be in it

5. Where and how does it have to work? Rain, snow, night, bright sunlight, hot days Portable with hours of time between battery charges Must be light and easy to carry Must be reliable Must give immediate answers

6. What do we need to identify? Not so nasty stuff Sodium hydroxide Sodium carbonate Adipic Acid Aluminum Sulfate hydrate Ammonium Nitrate Urea Terephthalic Acid 1,2-propanediol (aka propylene glycol) viscous and non-flammable Acetic acid carbon black potassium carbonate (pot ash) Titanium dioxide Arsenic oxidebarium carbonate (for barium metal) Cadmium chromium Lead Mercury Nickel Zinc sodium fluoride Etc. There are 70 or so of these

7. Bad Materials Explosives or their residues and IEDs –Stable (RDX, TNT, C4, etc) LIBS does not explode them –Unstable (London event) –Explosive or corrosive gasses Biological materials (bacillus spores) Poisons Drugs

8. MP-LIBS A full laboratory High-Resolution Broadband LIBS system in a portable backpack Heads-up display Hand-held probe contains laser, joystick for control, and focus optics Microplasma/ LIBS Event Backpack contains broadband high- resolution spectrometer, laser power supply, computer, and battery

9. MP-LIBS First responder in Full Class A protection Suit MP-LIBS should be inside suit

10. MP-LIBS Outside Backpack Argon Bottle for Special targets LIBS3000-gh spectrometer Computer with cell phone and wireless network

11. How do we identify complex substances? LIBS Spectrum

12. We have stored the 2-dimensional barcode of items of interest! Position Amplitude ultravioletBlueGreenRedInfrared Position Amplitude

13. Mathematics Correlation –Checks everything in the catalog, tells you what is closest and grades it, 1.0 being perfect, 0.0 being no correlation –2 types Linear – all peak heights count according to how high they are Rank – Big peaks count more than little ones

14. What else do we do? PCA - a type of analysis PPA - Primary peak analysis –Whats missing from the closest matches, or what is additional PPC - Peak picking correlation –Get rid of the junk between the big peaks

15. Then What? Its time to vote to determine the winner An example, pick the 10 highest scorers and for each calculate Score = 0.2 x (Rank Correlation) + 0.3 x (Linear Correlation) + 0.2 x PCA + 0.1 x PPA + 0.2 x (Peak Pick Correlation) Then display the top 5 matching items and their scores

16. BG BT Sugar Salt Creamer 1.00 0.59 0.49 0.47 0.46

17. What else are we doing? 30 + meter long distance LIBS