1. Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Computers: Tools for an Information Age Chapter 6 Storage and Multimedia: The Facts and More

2. 2Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Objectives List the benefits of secondary storage Identify and describe storage media that are available for personal computers Differentiate among the principal types of secondary storage Describe how data is stored on a disk Discuss the benefits of multimedia Explain how data is organized, accessed, and processed

3. 3Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Secondary Storage Separate from the computer itself Software and data stored on a semipermanent basis Unlike memory, not lost when power is lost Unlike memory, not lost when power is lost Benefits

4. 4Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Benefits of Secondary Storage Space Reliability Convenience Economy Return

5. 5Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Space Store a roomful of data on disks smaller than the size of a breadbox Diskette contains equivalent of 500 printed pages Diskette contains equivalent of 500 printed pages Optical disk can hold equivalent of 500 books Optical disk can hold equivalent of 500 books Return

6. 6Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Reliability Data in secondary storage is relatively safe Secondary storage is highly reliable Secondary storage is highly reliable More difficult for untrained people to tamper with data stored on disk More difficult for untrained people to tamper with data stored on disk Return

7. 7Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Convenience Authorized users can easily and quickly locate data stored on the computer Return

8. 8Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Economy Several factors create significant savings in storage costs Less expensive to store data on disks than to buy and house filing cabinets Less expensive to store data on disks than to buy and house filing cabinets Reliable and safe data is less expensive to maintain Reliable and safe data is less expensive to maintain Greater speed and convenience in filing and retrieving data Greater speed and convenience in filing and retrieving data Return

9. 9Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Magnetic Disk Storage Data represented as magnetized spots on surface of spinning disk Spots on disk converted to electrical impulses Spots on disk converted to electrical impulses Primary types Diskettes Diskettes Diskettes Hard Disks Hard Disks Hard Disks Hard Disks

10. 10Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Diskettes Made of flexible Mylar and coated with iron oxide Has protection of rigid plastic jacket 3 ½ diskette holds 1.44 MB of data High-capacity variations Sonys HiFD holds 200 MB Sonys HiFD holds 200 MB Imations SuperDisk available in 120 and 240 MB versions Imations SuperDisk available in 120 and 240 MB versions Iomegas Zip drive available in 100, 250, and 750 MB versions Iomegas Zip drive available in 100, 250, and 750 MB versions Return

11. 11Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Hard Disks Rigid platter coated with magnetic oxide Several can be combined into a disk pack Several can be combined into a disk pack Disk drive - a device that allows data to be read from or written to a disk Disk drive for personal computers contained within computer housing Disk drive for personal computers contained within computer housing Large computer systems may have several external disk drives Large computer systems may have several external disk drives Return

12. 12Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Reading/Writing Data Access arm moves read/write head over particular location Read/write head hovers a few millionths of an inch above platter If head touches platter, a head crash occurs and data is destroyed If head touches platter, a head crash occurs and data is destroyed Data can be destroyed if head touches miniscule foreign matter on surface of disk Data can be destroyed if head touches miniscule foreign matter on surface of disk

13. 13Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Disk Packs Each platter has its own access arm with read/write head Most disk packs combine platters, access arms, and read/write head

14. 14Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Hard Disks for Personal Computers Sealed modules that mount in a 3 ½ bay Capacity in gigabytes Accessing files much faster than accessing files on diskettes Some contain removable cartridges Iomegas Jaz drive is very popular Iomegas Jaz drive is very popular

15. 15Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) A group of disks that work together as one Raid level 0 spreads data from a single file over several drives Raid level 0 spreads data from a single file over several drives Called data striping Increases performance Raid level 1 duplicates data on several drives Raid level 1 duplicates data on several drives Called disk mirroring Increases fault tolerance

16. 16Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall How Data Is Organized Track Sector Cluster Cylinder

17. 17Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Track The circular portion of the disk surface that passes under the read/write head Floppy diskette has 80 tracks on each surface Floppy diskette has 80 tracks on each surface Hard disk may have 1,000 or more tracks on each surface of each platter Hard disk may have 1,000 or more tracks on each surface of each platter Return

18. 18Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Sector Each track is divided into sectors that hold a fixed number of bytes Typically 512 bytes per sector Typically 512 bytes per sector Zone recording assigns more sectors to tracks in outer zones than those in inner zones Uses storage space more fully Uses storage space more fully Return

19. 19Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Cluster A fixed number of adjacent sectors that are treated as a unit of storage Typically two to eight sectors, depending on the operating system Typically two to eight sectors, depending on the operating system Return

20. 20Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Cylinder The track on each surface that is beneath the read/write head at a given position of the read/write heads When file is larger than the capacity of a single track, operating system will store it in tracks within the same cylinder When file is larger than the capacity of a single track, operating system will store it in tracks within the same cylinder Return

21. 21Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Disk Access Speed Access time - the time needed to access data on disk Three factors Seek time Seek time Seek time Seek time Head switching Head switching Head switching Head switching Rotational delay Rotational delay Rotational delay Rotational delay Once data found, next step is data transfer data transferdata transfer

22. 22Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Seek Time The time it takes the access arm to get into position over a particular track All access arms move as a unit All access arms move as a unit All simultaneously in position over a set of tracks that make up a cylinder All simultaneously in position over a set of tracks that make up a cylinder Return

23. 23Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Head Switching The activation of a particular read/write head over a particular track All access arms move together, but only one read/write head can operate at any one time All access arms move together, but only one read/write head can operate at any one time Return

24. 24Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Rotational Delay The time it takes for the desired data on the track to rotate underneath the read/write head On average, half the time for a complete revolution of the disk On average, half the time for a complete revolution of the disk Return

25. 25Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Data Transfer The process of transferring data between its location on the disk track and memory Measures of performance Average access time Average access time About 10 milliseconds (10 thousands of a second) Can be improved by disk caching disk cachingdisk caching Data transfer rate - how fast data can be transferred once it has been found Data transfer rate - how fast data can be transferred once it has been found Stated in terms of megabytes per second Return

26. 26Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Disk Caching Disk cache - a special area of memory When disk drive reads data from disk, it reads adjacent data and stores it in memory When disk drive reads data from disk, it reads adjacent data and stores it in memory When next read instruction is issued, drive checks first to see if desired data is in disk cache When next read instruction is issued, drive checks first to see if desired data is in disk cache Similar to memory caching discussed in Chapter 4 Return

27. 27Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Optical Disk Storage Provides inexpensive and compact storage with greater capacity Laser scans disk and picks up light reflections from disk surface Categorized by read/write capability Read-only media - user can read from, but not write to disk Read-only media - user can read from, but not write to disk Write-once, read-many (WORM) - user can write to disk once Write-once, read-many (WORM) - user can write to disk once Magneto-optical - combines magnetic and optical capabilities Magneto-optical - combines magnetic and optical capabilities

28. 28Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Compact Disks CD-ROM - drive can only read data from CDs CD-ROM stores up to 700 MB per disk CD-ROM stores up to 700 MB per disk Primary medium for software distribution Primary medium for software distribution CD-R - drive can write to disk once Disk can be read by CD-ROM or CD-R drive Disk can be read by CD-ROM or CD-R drive CD-RW - drive can erase and record over data multiple times Some compatibility problems trying to read CD-RW disks on CD-ROM drives Some compatibility problems trying to read CD-RW disks on CD-ROM drives

29. 29Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) Short wavelength laser can read densely packed spots DVD drive can read CD-ROMs DVD drive can read CD-ROMs Capacity up to 17GB Capacity up to 17GB Allows for full-length movies Allows for full-length movies Sound is better than on audio CDs Sound is better than on audio CDs Several versions of writable and rewritable DVDs exist

30. 30Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Multimedia Presents information with text, illustrations, photos, narration, music, animation, and film clips Not practical until the advent of the optical disk Requirements Applications

31. 31Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Requirements CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive Sound card or sound chip Speakers For high-quality sound, get good speakers and powered subwoofer For high-quality sound, get good speakers and powered subwoofer Equipped to handle MPEG Standards for compressing video Standards for compressing video Return

32. 32Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Applications Education Go on virtual tours Go on virtual tours Study musical scores Study musical scores Study a foreign language Study a foreign languageOther Prepare taxes with video clips from IRS experts Prepare taxes with video clips from IRS experts Play games Play games Return

33. 33Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Magnetic Tape Storage Tape similar to tape used in music cassettes Categorized in terms of density Number of bits per inch stored on tape Number of bits per inch stored on tape Used primarily for backup of data stored on disk systems

34. 34Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Backup Systems Imperative to have copies of important data stored away from the computer Disks occasionally fail Disks occasionally fail Software installation can cause computer to crash Software installation can cause computer to crash Users make mistakes entering data Users make mistakes entering data Tape is ideal backup medium Can copy entire hard disk to single tape in minutes Can copy entire hard disk to single tape in minutes Backup can be scheduled when you are not going to use the system Backup can be scheduled when you are not going to use the system

35. 35Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Organizing and Accessing Stored Data Character Field Record File Database

36. 36Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Character A letter, digit, or special character Return

37. 37Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Field A set of related characters Describes one characteristic of a person, place, or thing For a university, a students first name would be stored in a field For a university, a students first name would be stored in a field Key field - a unique identifier for a record Return

38. 38Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Record A collection of related fields For the university, all of the fields for one student constitute one record For the university, all of the fields for one student constitute one record Return

39. 39Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall File A collection of related records For university, all the student records compose a file For university, all the student records compose a file Return

40. 40Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Database A collection of related files stored with minimum redundancy (duplication) For university, student file, alumni file, faculty/staff file, courses file, financial file, etc. would make up a database For university, student file, alumni file, faculty/staff file, courses file, financial file, etc. would make up a database Organized to make retrieving data easier Return

41. 41Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall File Plan Overview Must devise a plan for placing data on a storage unit Key factors Whether users must access data directly (immediately) Whether users must access data directly (immediately) How data must be organized on disk How data must be organized on disk Type of processing that will take place Type of processing that will take place

42. 42Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall File Organization Three major methods of organizing data files in secondary storage Sequential Sequential Sequential Direct Direct Direct Indexed Indexed Indexed

43. 43Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Sequential File Organization Records are stored in order according to a key field If a particular record is desired, all prior records must be read first If a particular record is desired, all prior records must be read first To update a record, a new sequential file must be created, with changed and unchanged records To update a record, a new sequential file must be created, with changed and unchanged records Tape storage uses sequential organization Return

44. 44Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Direct File Organization Also called random access Go directly to desired record by using a key Computer does not have to read all prior records Computer does not have to read all prior records Hashing algorithm used to determine address of given key Hashing algorithm used to determine address of given key Hashing algorithm Hashing algorithm Requires disk storage Return

45. 45Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Hashing Algorithm Applies mathematical formula to key to determine disk address of given record Collision occurs when hashing algorithm produces same disk address for two different keys Collision occurs when hashing algorithm produces same disk address for two different keys Return

46. 46Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Indexed File Organization Combines elements of sequential and direct methods Records stored sequentially, but file also contains an index Records stored sequentially, but file also contains an index Index stored sequentially, contains record key Index stored sequentially, contains record key Data accessed by record key Data accessed by record key Return

47. 47Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Processing Stored Data Transactions processed to update a master file Transactions - a business event such as a sale Transactions - a business event such as a sale Master file - data that is updated when a transaction occurs, such as a sales file or inventory file Master file - data that is updated when a transaction occurs, such as a sales file or inventory file Two main methods of processing data Batch processing Batch processing Batch processing Batch processing Transaction processing Transaction processing Transaction processing Transaction processing

48. 48Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Batch Processing Transactions collected into groups or batches Batch processed and master file updated when the computer has few users online Batch processed and master file updated when the computer has few users online Very efficient use of computer resources Master file current only immediately after processing Return

49. 49Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Transaction Processing Processing transactions as they occur Also called real-time processing and online processing Also called real-time processing and online processing Terminals must be connected directly to the computer Terminals must be connected directly to the computer Offers immediate updating of master file Return