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6 Secondary Storage.

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Presentation on theme: "6 Secondary Storage."— Presentation transcript:

1 6 Secondary Storage

2 Objectives Describe today’s standard floppy disk and compare it to Zip, SuperDisks, and HiFD disks. Describe the following kinds of disks: internal hard disks, hard-disk cartridges, and hard-disk packs. Describe ways to improve hard-disk operations: disk caching, redundant arrays of inexpensive disk, and data compression. Compare the CD and DVD formats. Describe the different types of optical disks. Describe other kinds of secondary storage: magnetic tape, Internet drives, and solid state storage.

3 Secondary Storage Can be used to save information.
Holds information external from the CPU. Allows you to store programs, data, and information permanently. permanently save information for: future use; to share info with others; to modify at later date Secondary storage is nonvolatile – stores programs and data as opposed to temporary storage (RAM)

4 Secondary Storage Review concepts of temporary storage (RAM) studied in chapter 4: RAM (main memory) is temporary or internal storage. It has a storage capacity that is usually measured in megabytes. If power to the computer is turned off, everything in RAM disappears. This type of storage is said to be volatile. permanently save information for: future use; to share info with others; to modify at later date Secondary storage is nonvolatile – stores programs and data as opposed to temporary storage (RAM)

5 Secondary Storage the concepts of permanent storage
Secondary storage is permanent or external storage. It has a larger storage capacity and newer computers may have many gigabytes of storage. If power to the computer is turned off, everything on secondary storage remains intact. This type of storage is said to be nonvolatile. permanently save information for: future use; to share info with others; to modify at later date Secondary storage is nonvolatile – stores programs and data as opposed to temporary storage (RAM)

6 Floppy Disks Removable Write-protect Parts Tracks Sectors
Floppy disks are removable storage media. Today’s standard is 1.44 MB. Data recorded in rings called called tracks; tracks divided into wedge-shaped sections called sectors Most disks manufactured currently preformatted w/tracks and sectors While called floppy, actually pieces of flat Mylar rotating within a hard plastic jacket The bits of data are represented by the presence or absence of magnetic charges Storage capacities range from 360 KB to 1.44 MB Write-protect notch or window to prevent inadvertent erasure or write-over

7 Floppy Disks Parts of a floppy disk:
Shutter slide – metal component that opens when disk is inserted into drive (read-write area). Write-protect notch – when opened, prevents data from being written to the disk. Tracks – closed concentric circles on the disk – invisible to the eye. Sectors – wedge-shaped sections on the disk – invisible to the eye. Floppy disks are removable storage media. Today’s standard is 1.44 MB. Data recorded in rings called called tracks; tracks divided into wedge-shaped sections called sectors Most disks manufactured currently preformatted w/tracks and sectors While called floppy, actually pieces of flat Mylar rotating within a hard plastic jacket The bits of data are represented by the presence or absence of magnetic charges Storage capacities range from 360 KB to 1.44 MB Write-protect notch or window to prevent inadvertent erasure or write-over

8 Floppy Disks Floppy disks are portable, removable storage media.
They are also known as diskettes, disks, flexible disks, and floppies. They are flat circular pieces of Mylar plastic that rotate within a jacket. Floppy disks are removable storage media. Today’s standard is 1.44 MB. Data recorded in rings called called tracks; tracks divided into wedge-shaped sections called sectors Most disks manufactured currently preformatted w/tracks and sectors While called floppy, actually pieces of flat Mylar rotating within a hard plastic jacket The bits of data are represented by the presence or absence of magnetic charges Storage capacities range from 360 KB to 1.44 MB Write-protect notch or window to prevent inadvertent erasure or write-over

9 Floppy Disks They are used to store programs and data permanently.
Data is stored as electromagnetic charges on a metal oxide film coating the mylar plastic. The presence or absence of the charges (2-state binary code) represents data. Data is read from, or written to the disk, through the read-write head in the disk drive.

10 Floppy Disks Today’s standard floppy disk – 1.44 MB 3 ½ inch disk.
Typically labeled 2HD - which means two-sided, high density. This disk can store 1.44 megabytes of data – equivalent of 400 typewritten pages. Floppy disks are removable storage media. Today’s standard is 1.44 MB. Data recorded in rings called called tracks; tracks divided into wedge-shaped sections called sectors Most disks manufactured currently preformatted w/tracks and sectors While called floppy, actually pieces of flat Mylar rotating within a hard plastic jacket The bits of data are represented by the presence or absence of magnetic charges Storage capacities range from 360 KB to 1.44 MB Write-protect notch or window to prevent inadvertent erasure or write-over

11 Floppy Disks Has thin exterior jacket made of hard plastic to protect the flexible disk inside. Has a shutter that slides open to expose the disk surface. Read-write head from the disk drive moves across the exposed disk to store and retrieve data. When the notch is open, data cannot be stored on the disk.

12 Floppy Disks Tomorrow’s standard floppy disks – floppy-disk cartridges
These are 3 ½ inch disks that are thicker and require special disk drives. The three best known floppy-disk cartridges are: Zip Disks Produced by Iomega. Have a 100 MB or 250 MB capacity (over 170 times as much as today’s standard floppy). Zip drives are standard on many of today’s more powerful system units. Disadvantage - Cannot read and store data on 1.44 MB standard disk. Floppy disks are removable storage media. Today’s standard is 1.44 MB. Data recorded in rings called called tracks; tracks divided into wedge-shaped sections called sectors Most disks manufactured currently preformatted w/tracks and sectors While called floppy, actually pieces of flat Mylar rotating within a hard plastic jacket The bits of data are represented by the presence or absence of magnetic charges Storage capacities range from 360 KB to 1.44 MB Write-protect notch or window to prevent inadvertent erasure or write-over

13 Floppy Disks SuperDisks HiFD Disks Produced by Imation.
Have a 120 MB capacity. Advantage - Can read and store data on 1.44 MB standard disk. HiFD Disks From Sony Corporation. Have a 200 MB capacity (greater than SuperDisk). Advantage – Can read and store data on 1.44 MB standard disk. Floppy disks are removable storage media. Today’s standard is 1.44 MB. Data recorded in rings called called tracks; tracks divided into wedge-shaped sections called sectors Most disks manufactured currently preformatted w/tracks and sectors While called floppy, actually pieces of flat Mylar rotating within a hard plastic jacket The bits of data are represented by the presence or absence of magnetic charges Storage capacities range from 360 KB to 1.44 MB Write-protect notch or window to prevent inadvertent erasure or write-over

14 Hard Disks A hard disk is another type of permanent storage.
Hard disks use thick, ridged metallic platters as their storage media. They are able to store and retrieve information much faster than floppy disks. They have a greater storage capacity than floppy disks. Composed of metallic rather than plastic disks Fast information storage and retrieval Read-write head is inch above surface! See next slide for good graphic of “space”

15 Hard Disks Hard Disk Crash
The read-write head of a hard disk drive rides on a cushion of air about inches thick. The cushion of air is so thin that certain circumstances make the disk vulnerable to data loss. Smoke particles, fingerprints, dust, or human hair can come between the read-write head and the magnetic disk surface. This could cause some or all of the data on the disk to be destroyed and is referred to as a disk head crash. Composed of metallic rather than plastic disks Fast information storage and retrieval Read-write head is inch above surface! See next slide for good graphic of “space”

16 Hard Disks Internal Hard Disk also known as a fixed disk
located inside the system unit and cannot be removed has one or more metallic platters sealed inside a container called the disk drive contains the motor for rotating the disks, access arms, and read-write heads for every platter typical hard drive is composed of four 3-½ inch metallic platters Advantages over floppy: capacity and speed Can hold as much information as 56,000 standard floppy disks Composed of metallic rather than plastic disks Fast information storage and retrieval Read-write head is inch above surface! See next slide for good graphic of “space”

17 Hard Disks Hard-Disk Cartridge
easy to remove as a cassette from a videocassette recorder. used primarily to complement an internal hard disk particularly useful to protect or secure sensitive information provide a computer with an unlimited amount of permanent storage. typical capacity is 2 gigabyte per cartridge. Composed of metallic rather than plastic disks Fast information storage and retrieval Read-write head is inch above surface! See next slide for good graphic of “space”

18 Hard Disks Hard-Disk Pack
composed of several platters aligned one above the other pack can be removed from the computer has access arms with two read-write heads, to read the surface above one, and one below used to store a massive amount of information used by banks and credit card companies to record financial information provide a computer with an unlimited amount of permanent storage. Composed of metallic rather than plastic disks Fast information storage and retrieval Read-write head is inch above surface! See next slide for good graphic of “space”

19 Computer Access Time It is the time between the computer’s request for data from secondary storage and the completion of the data transfer. The time factor between the computer’s request for data from secondary storage and the completion of the data transfer. Composed of metallic rather than plastic disks Fast information storage and retrieval Read-write head is inch above surface! See next slide for good graphic of “space”

20 Hard Disk Performance There are three ways to improve the performance of hard disks: Disk Caching Disk caching improves performance by anticipating data needs. It requires a combination of hardware and software. Frequently used data is read from the hard disk into cache memory during idle processing. Data is then accessed directly from cache memory to RAM memory when needed. The transfer rate from cache memory is faster than from the hard disk. System performance can increase as much as 30 percent using disk caching. Composed of metallic rather than plastic disks Fast information storage and retrieval Read-write head is inch above surface! See next slide for good graphic of “space”

21 Hard Disk Performance RAIDs (Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks)
RAIDs are inexpensive hard-disk drives grouped together using networks and special software. They improve hard disk performance by expanding external disk storage. The grouped disks are treated as a single large-capacity hard disk. RAIDs can outperform single disks of comparable capacities. Composed of metallic rather than plastic disks Fast information storage and retrieval Read-write head is inch above surface! See next slide for good graphic of “space”

22 Hard Disk Performance File Compression
File compression can increase storage capacity by reducing the amount of space required to store data and programs. File compression can be used with hard or floppy disks. It helps to speed the transmission of files from one computer to another. It is the common file transfer activity over the Internet. File compression replaces repeated bit patterns with a token symbol to reduce space. Files can be shrunk to a quarter of original size using file compression. Files can be decompressed back to original file with decompression software. Composed of metallic rather than plastic disks Fast information storage and retrieval Read-write head is inch above surface! See next slide for good graphic of “space”

23 Optical Disks Permanent storage media that use laser technology to store data The laser is used to alter the surface of a plastic or metallic disk to represent binary code. Flat areas (lands) and bumpy areas (pits) on the disk surface represent the 0s and 1s. The disk is then read by a laser that projects a tiny beam of light on these areas. use laser technology. CD and DVD are optical disk formats. Compact, high capacity form of permanent storage (up to 4.7 gigabytes of data or the equivalent of over 1 million typewritten pages) Laser beam writes by creating a pattern of pits (holes) and lands (flat areas) to encode data bits Laser beams reflect off the pits and lands to read the data Three basic types of optical discs CD-ROM, CD-R and erasable optical discs, or CD-RW

24 Optical Disks Optical disks can be 3½, 4¾, 5¼, 8, 12 and 14 inches.
Most common size of optical disk is 4¾ inch. Optical disks can typically hold over 17 gigabytes of data (several million typewritten pages). There are two common formats of optical disks: CD (Compact Disc) DVD (Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc) use laser technology. CD and DVD are optical disk formats. Compact, high capacity form of permanent storage (up to 4.7 gigabytes of data or the equivalent of over 1 million typewritten pages) Laser beam writes by creating a pattern of pits (holes) and lands (flat areas) to encode data bits Laser beams reflect off the pits and lands to read the data Three basic types of optical discs CD-ROM, CD-R and erasable optical discs, or CD-RW

25 Compact Disc Features CDs are the most widely used optical disk format. This format can store 650 megabytes of data on one side of the disk. Its rotation speed determines how fast data can be transferred from the disk. Examples: 24X = 3.6 MB per second 32X = 4.8 MB per second Compact disc-read-only memory Not written to 650 MB capacity Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia - nine million words and 1900 pictures Used to distribute large software packages

26 CD-ROM The three basic types of CDs are:
CD-ROM (Compact Disc-Read Only Memory) Similar to a commercial music CD. Cannot be written on or erased by user. Used to distribute large databases and references. Compact disc-read-only memory Not written to 650 MB capacity Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia - nine million words and 1900 pictures Used to distribute large software packages

27 CD-R & CD-RW CD-R (Compact Disc-Recordable)
Can be written to once but read many times. Also known as WORM (Write Once, Read Many times). Used to archive or permanently store large amounts of information. Used to create custom music CDs (see Making IT Work for You: CD-R Drives and Music from the Internet) and to archive data. CD-RW (Compact Disc-Rewriteable) Also known as erasable optical disk. Disk surface is not permanently altered when data is recorded. Can be written on, erased, and then written on again. Used to create and edit multimedia presentations. Stands for CD-Recordable Also known as WORM, or write once, read many Ideal for use as permanent data archives for essential company information CD changers or CD jukeboxes can facilitate rapid access to large amounts of information Also known as rewritable optical discs Unlike CD-R, these discs can be written on numerous times Most common technology is magneto-optical (MO) disc drive, combining magnetic and optical technologies Capacities up to 1,000 megabytes (a gigabyte)

28 DVD DVDs are also known as Digital Video Disc.
They can store 17 gigabytes on one side of the disk (more than 30x CD disk). Many DVD discs can store data on both sides of the disk, doubling the capacity. Up to 4.7 gigabytes a capacity, seven times CD Predicted to replace CD; not quite there – but in great demand and highly used – especially for movies and games; 6510 MB DVD-ROM - provide high quality, movie length videos 4.7 GB storage; seven times a regular CD DVD-R - consumer recordable version just getting started 4.7 GB storage DVD-RAM or DVD-RW - rewritable version 2.6 to 5.2 GB storage Up to 17 gigabytes of capacity, fourteen times CD

29 DVD DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disc-Read Only Memory)
Cannot be written on or erased by user. Can provide over two hours of very high quality video and sound. DVD-R (Digital Versatile Disc-Recordable) Can be written to once but read many times. Used to create permanent archives for large amounts of data. Not as widely used as CD-R discs because of their higher costs. DVD-RAM (Digital Versatile Disc-Random Access Memory) and DVD-RW (Digital Versatile Disc-Rewriteable) Two types of reusable DVD disks. They can be used over and over again on a variety of applications. Up to 4.7 gigabytes a capacity, seven times CD Predicted to replace CD; not quite there – but in great demand and highly used – especially for movies and games; 6510 MB DVD-ROM - provide high quality, movie length videos 4.7 GB storage; seven times a regular CD DVD-R - consumer recordable version just getting started 4.7 GB storage DVD-RAM or DVD-RW - rewritable version 2.6 to 5.2 GB storage Up to 17 gigabytes of capacity, fourteen times CD

30 DVD DataPlay This is a new optical disk the size of a quarter.
It has a capacity of 500 MB. This disk is capable of holding five hours of CD quality sound. It will become widely used for specialized applications such as storing digital photographs and music for portable players. Up to 4.7 gigabytes a capacity, seven times CD Predicted to replace CD; not quite there – but in great demand and highly used – especially for movies and games; 6510 MB DVD-ROM - provide high quality, movie length videos 4.7 GB storage; seven times a regular CD DVD-R - consumer recordable version just getting started 4.7 GB storage DVD-RAM or DVD-RW - rewritable version 2.6 to 5.2 GB storage Up to 17 gigabytes of capacity, fourteen times CD

31 Magnetic Tape Form of permanent storage media
Stores data in sequential access only, that is, one after another Once data is stored on tape, access to the data is always sequential, starting at the beginning of the tape and working through until the data is found. Sequential access takes more time to access specific information. Magnetic tape is almost exclusively used for backup purposes today. Magnetic disk offer fast, direct access to data programs; sequential access because they have to be fast forwarded or rewound before a specific location can be reached. *A common sequential access method of permanent storage method -- common form of data backup in companies with larger computer systems *Two forms of tape storage Magnetic tape streamers (see slide 18) Magnetic tape reels (see slide 19)

32 Magnetic Tape There are two forms of magnetic tape storage:
Magnetic Tape Streamers – used with microcomputers. Magnetic Tape Reels – used with minicomputers and mainframes. Magnetic disk offer fast, direct access to data programs; sequential access because they have to be fast forwarded or rewound before a specific location can be reached. *A common sequential access method of permanent storage method -- common form of data backup in companies with larger computer systems *Two forms of tape storage Magnetic tape streamers (see slide 18) Magnetic tape reels (see slide 19)

33 Magnetic Tape Internet Hard Drives
These are also known as idrive or online storage. They provide users with free or low-cost storage. A user can access stored information from any computer connected to the Internet They are typically used as a specialized secondary storage device. Not for storing highly personalized or sensitive information. Magnetic disk offer fast, direct access to data programs; sequential access because they have to be fast forwarded or rewound before a specific location can be reached. *A common sequential access method of permanent storage method -- common form of data backup in companies with larger computer systems *Two forms of tape storage Magnetic tape streamers (see slide 18) Magnetic tape reels (see slide 19)

34 Magnetic Tape Solid-State Storage Solid –state has no moving parts.
Information is stored and retrieved electronically. This storage is more expensive than other storage but is also more reliable and requires less power. Flash memory cards are solid-state storage devices used in notebook computers. Flash memory is used in specialized input devices to capture and transfer data to desktop computers. Examples of uses are storage and transfer of digital camera images and recording and transfer of MP3 music files. Magnetic disk offer fast, direct access to data programs; sequential access because they have to be fast forwarded or rewound before a specific location can be reached. *A common sequential access method of permanent storage method -- common form of data backup in companies with larger computer systems *Two forms of tape storage Magnetic tape streamers (see slide 18) Magnetic tape reels (see slide 19)


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