1. The Organization of Matter
Mixtures:
a) Homogeneous (Solutions)
b) Heterogeneous
Pure Substances
Elements
Compounds
Atoms
Nucleus
Electrons
Protons
Neutrons
Quarks
Quarks

2. Basic Building Blocks of Matter…
The most fundamental parts of matter are atoms and molecules, which make up elements and compounds
Atom – the smallest unit of an element that has all the properties of that element
Element – a pure substance made of only one kind of atom
Compound – a substance that is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded
Molecule – the smallest unit of an element or compound that retains all the properties of that element or compound

3. Classification of Matter…
Matter is classified according to how it is organized
Matter is complex and has different levels of organization:
Mixtures
Pure substances

4. Mixtures…
Most of the matter around us consists of mixtures of pure substances
Mixture – consists of materials with variable compositions
Two types of mixtures
Homogeneous
heterogeneous

5. WATER IS THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT!!
Homogeneous mixture…
Homogeneous mixture – having visibly (to the naked eye) indistinguishable parts
Has one phase present
It also called a solution
There are two parts of a solution
1. the solute – the part that is dissolved
2. the solvent – the part that does the dissolving
WATER IS THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT!!

6. Alloy…
A homogeneous mixture of metallic elements with one solid phase

7. Alloy Problems… Conversion of Total Mass to Mass of a Component
Manganese steel is very strong and finds use as railroad rails. It is composed of 86.0% iron, 13.0% manganese, 1.0% carbon. What is the mass of each of the three elements in a 254-kg sample of manganese steel?

8. One more try…
A sample of brass is composed of 72% copper and the remainder zinc. What mass of brass can be made from 25-kg of zinc?

9. Bell Ringer… Describe a homeogeneous mixture
Why is water known as the universal solvent?
Give 2 types of a pure substance
What is an alloy?

10. Examples of solutions…
Air – a gaseous mixture of various gases
Brass – a solid mixture of various metals
Iced Tea – a liquid mixture of various materials

11. Heterogeneous mixtures…
Heterogeneous mixture – having visibly distinguishable parts
Can usually be separated into two or more homogeneous mixtures or pure substances
Has 2 or more phases present

12. Examples of heterogeneous mixtures…
Sand and water
Iced tea and ice cubes
Pepperoni pizza

13. Pure substances…
Mixtures can be separated into pure substances by physical methods
Pure substance – contains materials with a constant composition, such as compounds and elements
Have a definite composition and definite unchanging properties (both chemical and physical)

14. Classify the following as a mixture or a pure substance
Salt water
Smog
Water
10 karat gold
Sugar
Diamond
Coffee
Chex mix
Chef Salad

15. Phase Differences
Solid – definite volume and shape; particles packed in fixed positions.
Liquid – definite volume but indefinite shape; particles close together but not in fixed positions
Gas – neither definite volume nor definite shape; particles are at great distances from one another
Plasma – high temperature, ionized phase of matter as found on the sun.

16. Properties of Matter
Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter that is present.
Volume
Mass
Energy Content (think Calories!)
Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter present.
Melting point
Boiling point
Density

17. Separation of a Mixture
The constituents of the mixture retain their identity and may be separated by physical means.

18. Separation of a Mixture
The components of dyes such as ink may be separated by paper chromatography.

19. Separation of a Mixture by Distillation

20. Separation of a Compound The Electrolysis of water
Compounds must be separated by chemical means.
With the application of electricity, water can be separated into its elements
Reactant  Products
Water  Hydrogen + Oxygen
2 H2O  H O2