1. Criminal Justice Today
Welcome to CCJ 3024
Criminal Justice Systems
Instructor: Dr. Watkins
Graduate Assistant: Megan Magers
Course Website: pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~rwatkins

2. crime, deviance, and the criminal justice system?
Culture and Crime
What does our culture contribute to our views and factors associated with
crime, deviance, and the criminal justice system?

3. Culture = perspectives on Crime, Deviance, and the CJ System
What is culture?
What is the difference between crime and deviance?
What is the cause of crime? deviance?
How should the CJ system treat criminals?
What is Herbert Packer’s Crime Control Model
Understand the relationship between theory and practice as a basis for the foundation of our criminal justice system.

4. What is Culture?
Defined as the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, language, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought.
Culture significantly effects behavioral patterns.

5. Outline Societal Typologies and impact on CJ System History of Crime
Criminal Justice System Timeline
Scope of the System
Formal vs. Informal Criminal Justice Practices
Due Process vs. Crime Control
Wedding Cake
Courtroom Workgroups
Perspectives on Justice
Trends today in CJ

6. Societal Typologies (Durkheim)
Mechanistic Solidarity
Small homogeneous societies
Bound by tradition
Behavior regulated by informal social controls
Consensus perspective
Organic Solidarity
Large heterogeneous societies
Bound by need to prosper
Behavior regulated by formal social controls
Conflict perspective 5

7. Types of Social Control
Formal Social Control regulation of behavior through laws and rules
Informal Social Control regulation of behavior through norms, mores, cultural beliefs
Gun Control

8. Crime Throughout History
Crime is not a recent development, it has existed throughout American history.
Crime has evolved along with American society.
Family Feuding
Ku Klux Klan
Slave patrols
Slavery
Gun Fights Robbery
The Old West
Gangs
(Gangs of New York, 2002)
East Coast Gangs
1800s
White collar crime corruption
Civil War
Depression Era Outlaws

9. The Development of the Criminal Justice System
In 1764, Cesare Beccaria urged the importance of using punishment for crime control
In 1829, the first police agency was created, the London Metropolitan Police
The first penitentiary/prison was created in the nineteenth century
In 1919, the Chicago Crime Commission was created to monitor the criminal justice system activities.
In 1931, Herbert Hoover appointed the National Commission of Law Observation and Enforcement (Wickersham Commission)
After a thorough report from the President’s Crime Commission, Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of – OJJDP, NIJ, BJA

10. Scope of the CJ System
Costs federal, state, and local governments roughly $200 billion a year for civil and criminal justice, which represents an increase of more than 300% since 1982.
Employs more than 2.4 million people
It costs $70,000 to build a prison cell, and about $22,000/year per inmate.
While the crime rate has decreased substantially in the last decade, more than 14 million people are still being arrested each year, 2 million of which are serious felony offenses.
Today, more than 7 million people are under some form of correctional supervision: 2 million men and women in jail or prison, and 5 million men and women in community supervision.

11. Criminal Justice System Operation
Is it Formal (BLACK)
Is it Informal (WHITE)
Is it some combination thereof (GRAY)

12. The Formal Criminal Justice Process - BLACK
Police
Courts
Corrections
Initial Contact
Charging
Correctional Treatment
Investigation
Preliminary Hearing/
Grand Jury
Release
Arrest
Arraignment
Postrelease
Custody
Bail/Detention
Plea Bargaining
Trial/Adjudication
Sentencing/Disposition
Appeal/Postconviction

13. Due Process Vs. Crime Control
Crime Control Model of Justice
ASSEMBLY LINE
Due Process Model of Justice
OBSTACLE COURSE
1. Stopping the criminal behavior is the primary goal.
2. The quantity of arrests is more important than the quality of arrests (following the letter of the law).
3. Approximates a conveyor belt in that cases are taken rapidly through the entire process.  Speed and efficiency are important.
4. A mood of guilt pervades the courtroom.
5. De-emphasizes the use of the adversarial model in the courtroom.
1. Protecting the rights of the accused is the primary goal.
2. The quality of arrests is more important than the quantity of arrests.
3. Resembles an obstacle course in that each of the rights of accused (due process rights - see the 4, 5th, 6th, and 8th Amendments) must be honored.  Fairness is most important.
4. The accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty.
5. Demands the use of the adversarial method.
where do you stand?

14. Think about the context of Society!!
During the 1950’s and 1960’s a “Due Process Revolution” took place in the United States Supreme Court.
Think about the context of Society!!

15. Supreme Court began to restore to the police some of the freedoms
During the 1970’s and 1980’s, the
Supreme Court began to restore to
the police some of the freedoms
they had had in the first half of
the Century
Think about the context of Society!!

16. The Future of Law Enforcement Crime Control
If the future of law enforcement increasingly reflects the principles and policies of the crime control model, then we might expect???
More liberty to use intrusive methods to fight crime?

17. The Future of Law Enforcement Due Process
On the other hand, if we see a shift to the principles and policies of the due process model, we should expect???
More restrictions on police powers?

18. The Future of the Administration of Justice - Courts
Crime Control Advocates
Expanded use of pretrial detention
Appeals strongly discouraged
Dissolve juvenile system
Move toward alternative dispute resolution
Basis for current system
Plea bargaining alive and well
Due Process Advocates
Pretrial used sparingly
No limitation on appeals
Dissolve juvenile system – ensure procedural safeguards as in adult system
Move toward alternative dispute resolution
Future of system with new administration
Plea bargaining alive and well

19. The Future of Corrections
In the area of corrections, crime control is, and will probably remain, the paramount goal, regardless of which model of justice administration dominates in the future.
WHY????

20. The Future of Corrections
Perhaps the most divisive issue that will confront correctional policy makers in the future is whether increasingly scarce resources should be devoted more to punishment or to rehabilitation.

21. The Future of Corrections Health costs will continue to escalate.
Most people knowledgeable about corrections in the U.S. paint a rather bleak picture of the future:
The number of citizens under correctional custody will continue to increase.
Health costs will continue to escalate.
Increasing numbers of offenders will consume increasingly larger budgets.

22. Informal CJ System - White
Adversarial vs. Co-optation
CJ Wedding Cake
Courtroom Workgroup

23. The Wedding Cake Model 1 2 3 4 Celebrity Cases
High Profile Felony Cases
Ordinary Felony Cases
Misdemeanors

24. Courtroom Workgroup Shared Decision making Shared Norms Socialization
Reward and Sanctions
Goal Modification

25. Perspectives on Justice
Crime Control
Due Process
Criminals lack inhibition against misconduct
Restraining offenders and preventing their criminal behavior is viewed as a practical goal
Advocates effectiveness and efficiency
Abolish legal roadblocks
Criminals rights must be protected at all cost
Strictly monitor discretion of system officials
Advocates fair and equitable treatment

26. Perspectives on Justice
Rehabilitation
Restorative
Views system as a means for caring for and treating people who cannot care for themselves.
Criminals are victims of social problems.
Advocates job training, family counseling, educational services, drug treatment programs, etc.
Main goal: Healing victims, offenders, and communities.
Enable offender to appreciate the harm caused, to make amends, and reintegrate into society.
Advocates financial and community service restitution programs

27. Perspectives on Justice
Nonintervention
Justice
System should limit involvement with defendants.
Labeling can create stigmas and self-fulfilling prophecy.
Argue that we are “widening the net”
Advocate decriminalization of victimless crimes and deinstitutionalization
Two people committing the same crime, should be treated equally.
Criminals should be evaluated on current behavior, not previous record.
Advocate reducing discretion and mandatory sentencing.

28. Structure of the Criminal Justice System
Police
Courts
Corrections
Local Law
Enforcement
State Courts
Probation
State Law
Enforcement
Federal Courts
Incarceration
Federal Law
Enforcement
Prosecutors and
Defenders
Community Based
Corrections
Parole

29. Discretion permits justice
officials at all levels to make
decisions that will keep the
system operating.

30. Trends and Issues in Criminal Justice Today
Women in prison is growing faster than any other group!
From 1980 to 1997 women in state and federal prisons rose 478%

31. Trends and Issues in Criminal Justice Today - Children and Violence
Juvenile murder rate up
177%
Juvenile arrest rate up
79%
Adult murder rate decreased 7%

32. Trends and Issues in Criminal Justice Today
Terrorism

33. Trends and Issues in Criminal Justice Today
There are only 3
classes in America:
Upper class
Middle class
Criminal class
Media Distortion
of Crime

34. Trends and Issues in Criminal Justice Today
The typical criminal
profile is:
Young
African-American
Male
Media Distortion
of Crime