3. University of Strathclyde CAD Centre Alex H B Duffy Director, CAD Centre Design, Manufacture and Engineering Management (DMEM) Glasgow G1 1XJ URL: http://www.cad.strath.ac.uk/

4. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Contents Background Research Focus & Evolution Design Research Output Computational Research Output Overview Examples Research Strategy Approach Methodology Hypothesis Validation

5. Contents Background Research Focus and Evolution Research Strategy o Approach o Methodology o Hypothesis Validation Design Research Output Computational Research Output Close

6. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde History 1982 - Research in artificial intelligence in design 1985 - Established Faculty service and support MSc/PgD in Computer Aided Engineering Design 1989 - Merged with Department of Design Manufacture and Engineering Management 1997 - Introduced MSc/PgD in Integrated Product Development 5 EPSRC studentships Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

7. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Teaching programmes Ph.Ds & M.Phils in: Design and CAD M.Sc/Pg.Ds in: Computer Aided Engineering Design Engineering Product Design (2002/03) Integrated Product Development M.Eng/B.Eng: Design Computing (2002/03) Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

8. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Collaboration Academic Collaboration: Europe, Israel, Japan, Slovenia, UK. Industrial Collaboration (over 40 companies including): Babcock Engineering Services BAE Systems Operations - Marine & Regional Aircraft. Begg Cousland and Company Ltd, Glasgow, UK Institute of Product Development, Lyngby, DK; Glasgow City Council, Glasgow, UK. Lucidus Management Technologies, UK. Thales, St. Asaph and Glasgow, UK. Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

9. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde People Academic Staff:Dr Alex Duffy, Mr Bill Ion, Prof Neal Juster, Dr Avril Thomson, Dr Xiu Tian Yan Academic Related:3 STA Research Staff:4 Ras PG Registration:PhD 20 M.Phil 7 MSc/PgD CAED 18 MSc/PgD IPD 12 Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

10. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Research summary Academic Staff:Dr Alex Duffy, Mr Bill Ion, Prof. N P Juster, Dr Avril Neilson, Dr Xiu Tian Yan Academic Related:1 STA Research Staff:2 RAs PG Registration:PhD9 M.Phil5 MSc/PgD CAED9 MSc/PgD IPD2 Output:Academic journals2/academic/annum Refereed publicatoins2/academic/annum Other work, editorials, etc.2/academic/annum Software systems9 Systems used by industry3

11. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Research Overall objective: To develop a fully integrated computing environment that supports design and its management based upon fundamental knowledge of design. Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

12. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Intelligent Design Assistant (IDA) A system that is able to act as an assistant to a designer, giving guidance, answering queries, analysing what-if scenarios, making suggestions, and acting as an expert colleague. Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

13. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde IDA - 1984 Intelligent interface Desig ner: IDA: Control Define Direct Inquire Judge Question Specify Adapt Calculate Evolve Explain Guide Learn Model Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

14. IDA Team Manager -AI and Knowledge Based Techniques Team Manager - Design Co-ordination, Management and Performance Common Model Prototypes Concept Models Past Designs Design Model Integrated Design Environment (IDE) - 1984 Past Designs Prototypes Concept Models Design Model Common Model - Product & Knowledge Modelling - Design Re-use & Machine Learning

15. Research Evolution 19821986199019941998 Spatial design Design Learning Customised Viewpoints Layout re-use & synthesis Learning in Design Design Management Scheduling Design Co-ordination Method/Tool Utilisation Design Performance Geometric Conceptualisation Geometric Abstraction Configuration Phase - 1 Configuration Phase -2 Functionality Conceptn & Synthesis Concept Re-use Design K. Modelling Numerical design IDA/ IDE Concept Modelling

16. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Numerical design IDA/ IDE 19821986199019941997 Concept Modelling Conceptn & Synthesis Concept Re-use Design K. Modelling Spatial design Configuration Phase - 1 Configuration Phase -2 Functionality Design Learning Customised Viewpoints Layout re-use & synthesis Theory of Des. Learning Geometric Conceptualisation Geometric Abstraction Design Management Scheduling Design Co-ordination Method/Tool Utilisation Theory of DC Research Evolution

17. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Strategy Analyse current and anticipated needs Identify key areas for improvement or fundamental research Carry out research and evaluate results Develop and use a sound research approach Combine practical with fundamental (blue sky) research Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

18. CAD Centre Design Performance Improvement 0.001.002.003.004.005.006.00 ideal current Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

19. 0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.50 % of Total Ideal Ideal Current DesignPerformance Audit ToolIdentified Key Target Areas Bulletin board Email Info transparency Inter/intranetLANs Multimedia Project room Models in and of Design Phenomena model Proc.AProc.B Information model A EER AAA A IDA / IDE Research Strategy Research Strategy Research Strategy

20. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Reali ty Computer model/tools Phenome na model/to ols Information model/tools Comput er model/t ools Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design Research framework Envisaged Reality Phenomena model/tools Proc. AProc. B Information model/tools A EER A A A A

21. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Reali ty Computer model/tools Phenome na model/to ols Information model/tools Comput er model/t ools Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design Research framework Envisaged Reality Phenomena model/tools Proc. AProc. B Information model/tools A EER A A A A Modelling realityExperimental ResearchForesight

22. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Phenomena model Proc.A Reality Information model A EER AAA A Computer model Envisaged Reality Phenomena model Information model Computer model Research Framework Descriptive Approach Prescriptive Approach

23. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Research Methodology Literature Design Practice Design Problem Hypothesis Research Problem Solution Formal Evaluation Document Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

24. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Hypothesis Theories Models Axioms Reality Literature Analysis Experiment Hypothesis validation Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

25. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Design Research Areas Design Management Design Methods Design Re-use Mechatronics Performance Improvement Process Modelling Product Modelling Team Working Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

26. 1. Product Development 2. Decomposition unit SW Chem. Mech.Elect. I.D. MMI 3. Disciplines/ Technologies 4. Product Life 5. Synthesis Matrix Design Activity Manufacture Assembly Use Disposal 6. Life Phase System 7. Goal/result 8. Task 9. Activity/plan time 10. Resources Design Co-ordination Framework

27. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Efficiency ( ) Effectiveness ( ) E 2 Performance Model Activity InputOutput Resources Goals/ Constraints Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

28. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Design Process Effectiveness ( ) Design Effectiveness ( ) Design Activity Design Management Activity Stop DRDAR 1 2 3 4 DO DAO DGDAG G O R Performance Measurement and Management Managed Activity DI DAI I Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

29. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Design Re-use Process Model completed design model domain knowledge Domain Exploration domain model re-use library Design by Re-use design requirements evolved design model Design for Re-use Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

30. Overall benefits - model 9% 3% 4%4% 1%1%1% 5% 4% 5% 8% 13% 14% 5% 11% 9% 15% 14% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% Domain Knowdge Domain Model Re-use Library Design Require'ts Evolved Design Compltd Design Domain Exploratn Design For Re-use Design By Re-use +1 0 +4+1 0 +6+11+4+9

31. Overall benefits - metrics 11% 6% 10% 11% 25% 28% 27% 20% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% TimeCostQualityPerformance +1 4 +2 2 +1 7 +9

32. A model of learning in design IkIk L tr : D a K t L ti : D a | | K t L tp : D a K t Design Learning Interaction OkOk Teleological link L tw L g D g D g L g Temporal link Trigger rational, L tw Temporal triggers, L t L tr L ti L tp Memory Experiential design knowlwedge O k Knowledge of knowledge transformer, K k Mapping of K k & D k D a :: K t Epistemic link

33. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Computational Research Areas Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Advanced Computational Techniques Computer Aided Learning Knowledge Engineering and Management Interactive sketching Machine Learning in Design Shared workspaces Simulation Systems, Data, Information and Knowledge Integration Vague Geometric Modelling Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

34. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Prototypes CONFIG: Interactive configuration management. DCS: Operational design co- ordination system (agent based architectures) DENOTE: Design and domain knowledge modelling to support evolutionary design. DESIGNER: Numerical modelling and analysis tool for empirical, approximate and hierarchical equation problem solving. DMS: Design management system; process modelling and co-ordination management. Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

35. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde FORSEE: Knowledge intensive component life design synthesis. GEMCON: Rapid capture and use of vague geometric concepts in early design. HOBS: Co-operative design architecture based on design management hierarchy. I-MAGI:Interactive sketching and vague geomeric modelling system. LOTION: Functional, behavioural and structural design process support system. Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design Prototypes

36. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde NODES: Design synthesis through learning and re-use of concept libraries. PERFORM: Performance measurement tool for effective product development. PERSPECT: Numerical abstraction and modelling of empirical equations from past data. SPIDA: Automated learning and re-use of spatial layouts and abstractions for conceptual design. Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design Prototypes

37. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Design Co-ordination - tactical Process Builder DMS Communication Protocol Discipline Model Goal Model Task Model Design Agents Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

38. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Design Co-ordination - tactical Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

39. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Design Co-ordination - operational Task Model Scheduling Agent Co-ordination Manager Resource Manager Resource Model Resource Monitor Information Manager Task Manager Activity Director Activity/Plan Model Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

40. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Design Co-ordination System Process Builder DMS Communication Protocol Discipline Model Goal Model TacticalBridge Task Model Bridging Agent Design Agents Scheduling Agent Co-ordination Manager Resource Manager Resource Model Resource Monitor Information Manager Task Manager Activity Director Activity/Plan Model Operational Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

41. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde DMS & DCS Accurate duration prediction based on resources and process behaviour. Reduction in process execution time of over 50%. Identification of lack of resources (2 electrical engineers + 28% reduction time). Team modelling leading to 45% resource cost reduction and over 50% time reduction. Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

42. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde GEMCON: size + location constraints geom configuration space As datum point A As upper size bounds As location uncertain region B C Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

43. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde As datum point As location uncertain region geom configuration space As upper size bounds ( B ABOVE C) location constraint C B A Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design GEMCON: size + location constraints

44. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde GEMCON Vague geometric modelling and reasoning : A means to analyse different geometric configurations and within an imprecise and uncertain environment. Coupled with advanced simulation tools, could provide predictions of performance in early design stages. Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

45. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde PERSPECT: Customised viewpoints Non-learning systems Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

46. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Customised Viewpoints (learning system): numerical Automatically generated viewpoints PERSPECT: Customised viewpoints Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design Raw data/ information Designer needs

47. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde EX-85AEX-69 G40 Vs : 14.9 Cb : 0.838 L : 215.4 Equation: Nil EX-77EX-85A G33 VS : 14.8 Cb : 0.835 L : 214.5 Equation: Cb = 0.095 + (0.05 * Vs) G4 VS : 14.6 Cb : 0.819 L : 212.5 Equation: Cb = 0.924 + (-0.011 * Vs) + (0.0003 * L) PERSPECT: CV abstraction Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

48. SPIDA: CV spatial

50. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde SPIDA: CV spatial Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

51. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde 1 2 4 3 Space function matching Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

52. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Space function matching - results Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

53. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde AB D C Shape matching Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

54. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Shape matching - results Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

55. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Developments - current projects Collective learning and design co- ordination Computer based operational design co-ordination Design management and process optimisation Design performance modelling and management Design process modelling and web- based guidance Design process re-engineering Design re-use and modularisation Performance improvement through IT Vague geometric sketch modelling Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

56. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Representing vague geometric information 75% 50% 30% 15% Z X Y Y Z X Z X Y adjacentintersect Close but not adjacent ? Relative spatial relationship Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

57. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde VRSHIPS - FP5 TP Proposal Technology platform proposal for Life-cycle Virtual Ship System(s) modelling and design: 12 M.Euro (1.3M.Euro Strath) involving 39 organisations 12 different European countries 12 companies in industry, 13 other businesses, 7 research establishments and 7 in the higher education sector. Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

58. INTEGRATION AB C D E Life-phase agents VRSHIPS - ROPAX 2000 AECDB Information controlCommon model Performance analysis and reliability Life-phase process management Virtual interaction

59. Virtual Reality Ship Systems (VRSHIPS) Life-Phase agents Layout: generation performance Assessment: generation design performance Operation Product tools Subsystems: electrical life-support ventilation Supply chain..... INTEGRATION Communications Protocols Relationships Information Control Consistency management Generic framework Version control Common model Geometry Information and Knowledge base Common representns Performance analysis & Reliability Generalisation Performance assessment Reliability analysis Life-phase process management Modelling Operational co-ordination Scheduling optimisation Virtual interaction Platform independence Real time interaction User friendly interface Virtual environment

60. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Achievements Originated the concept of the Intelligent Design Assistant Developed a fundamental approach to design research Developed the first model of Engineering Design Re-use Introduced customised viewpoints as a key approach to utilising past design knowledge Developed the first model of Learning in Design Developed a design performance measurement model and tool Created axioms of performance Originated a new model of design and its management Developed unique systems for process optimisation and operational co-ordination Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

61. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Collaboration mechanisms EU Funded projects EPSRC Joint projects Teaching Company Schemes Funded PhD/MPhil students Placements Master projects Information access Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design

62. CAD Centre © Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde Close Background:Active in AI in Design since early 80s 5 academic staff Focus:Development of IDA & IDE Strategy:Strategy; framework; methodology; validity Design:Design Co- ordination/Management Design Re-use Learning in Design CAD:Design management and co-ordination Knowledge and vague geometric modelling Customised viewpoints Design performance management Spatial layout learning and re-use VRShips Background Research Focus Strategy CAD Close Design