1. Analysis Of The Airline Industry

2. Introduction Deregulation in the US 1978 UK and Netherlands followed with deregulation in 1984 The economic boom of 1989/90 –Followed by the recession of 1990/91 The airlines had a tough time in the early 1990s –mainly due to aircraft orders in the pipeline The effect of the current economic climate

3. International Passengers Source: British Airways Annual Report 1998-1999

4. PEST Political –Deregulation as the market increases in size, therefore economies of scale may arise. –Liberalisation of skies Ownership rules relaxed, EU and US forcing this through increasing the size of the market.

5. PEST Economic –Decrease in passenger numbers –Competition from low cost airlines –Consolidation leads to alliances rather than mergers where possible –Increase in cost i.e. Insurance –Deregulation has exposed airlines, previously operating at inefficient cost levels –Many airlines in serious financial trouble e.g. Aer Lingus, Swiss Air –Supplies also experiencing sharp downturn, e.g. Rolls Royce

6. PEST Social –From September 11 th Reluctance to fly Need to rebuild confidence in air travel Sub losses with knock on social affect

7. PEST Technological –Economies of scale in production due to expanding market size –E-commerce method of selling tickets, therefore less infrastructure required, overhead savings

8. Five Forces Framework Internal Rivalry –Price competition especially from no frills carriers –Competition for airport landing/departure slots Therefore barriers to entry at major hub airports –Passenger demand declining/static in most countries –Regulation barriers decreasing, therefore increasing competition in Europe (Ownership rules still protect to a degree)

9. Five Forces Framework Entrants –Since flights between countries, must have majority ownership or the operator in one of the two countries, threat of entry is not currently global This could change with three to five years if open skies agreements are brought in, therefore potential future threat.

10. Five Forces Framework Substitutes –Travel by sea or land is not always convenient –Spend leisure money on alternatives or domestic holidays

11. Five Forces Framework Customer Power –Loyalty from Frequent Flyer Program Supplier Power –Fuel prices are a major cost with no substitute, therefore powerful hold on airlines.