1. Example: Jacobian Matrix and Power flow Solution by Newton-Raphson Determine the dimension of the jacobian matrix for the power system in ex:6.9. Also calculate ΔP2(0) in step(1) and Ji24(0) In step(2) of the first Newton Raphson iteration, Assume zero initial phase angle and 1.0 p.u. initial voltage magnitudes (except V3=1.05)

2. Solution: Since N=5 buses. NO
Solution: Since N=5 buses NO. of eqns=2(N-1)=8 Jacobian matrix will have dimension 8х8 There is one voltage controlled bus, bus 3 Therefore V3 and Q3 could be eliminated .: J(i) is reduced to 7x7 matrix ΔP2 = P2 – P2(x) = P2 – V2(0) {Y21V1 cos[δ2(0)-δ1(0)-θ21] Y22V2 cos [-θ22] Y23V3 cos [δ2(0)-δ3(0)-θ23] Y24V4 cos [δ2(0)- δ4(0)-θ24] Y25V5 cos [δ2(0)-δ5(0)-θ25]

3.   ΔP = [ *1.0*cos(84.624) *1.0*cos( ) *1.0*cos( )] = p.u. For step(2) and Ji Ji 24(0) = V2(0)Y24V4(0)sin[δ2(0)-δ4-θ24] = 1.0* *1.0*sin[ ] = PU See EX 6-11 Power World Simulator

4. Example: Using the power flow system in Ex 6
  Example: Using the power flow system in Ex 6.9, Determine the acceptable generation range at bus3, keeping each line and transformer loaded at a below 100% of its MVA. Computer Simulate

5.  6.8 SPARSITY TECHNIQUES - Sparse matrix has only a few non zero elements. - Newton Raphson power flow program employ sparse matrix techniques to reduce computer and time requirement . These techniques include compact storge of Ybus and J(i).

6. Consider the following matrix: One method for compact storage of S consists of four vectors DIAG=[ ] OFFDIAG=[ ] Col=[ ] Row=[ ]

7.   Fast Decoupled Power Flow - Contingencies are a major concern in Power system operations. For example, operating personnel need to know what power flow changes will occur due to a particular generator outage a transmission line outage. - Contingency information when obtained in real time ,can be used to Anticipate problems caused by such outages and can be used to develop operating stategies to overcome problems. - Fast power flow algorithms have been developed to give power flow solutions in second or less.

8. These algorithms ak based on the following simplification of the jacobian matrix. * Neglect J2(i) and J3(i) This will reduce the problem ( power flow ) to : J1(i)Δδ(i)=ΔP(i) J4(i)ΔV(i)=ΔQ(i) * Further reduction in computer time can be obtained, for ex Assume Vk≅Vn≅1 p.u. and δk=δn Then J1 and J4 constant matrices this means that J1 and J4 do not have to be Recalculated during successive iterations.

9. Chapter 7 SYMMETRICAL FAULTS

10. 7.1 Series R-L Circuit Transients Consider the series R-L circuit shown:
The switch is closed at t=0. This represent a shot circuit across the circuit. For simplicity assume here fault impedance. This is usually called solid or bolted fault.

11. To get the current after closing the switch

13. - The total fault current I(t) is called the asymmetrical fault current. - The ac component is called the steady state fault current. - The dc component is called the offset current or the complementary current. This component decays with time constant The rms value of the ac component is (A) .

14. - The rms value of i(t) is give by: (A) In terms of the time constant and frequency w, This can be written in the following from

15. Example: A bolted short circuit occurs in the series R-L circuit shown before with V=20KV, X=8Ω, R=0.8Ω and with the maximum dc offset current. The circuit breaker opens 3 cycles after fault inception. Determine: a) The rms ac fault current. b) The rms momentary current at τ=0.5 cycle which pass through the breaker before it opens. c) The asymmetrical fault current the breaker interrupts.