INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPUTER

INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPUTER
by Melinda A. Simica, 2005

This presentation will introduce you to computer terminology and computer fundamentals.

This presentation comes with a terminology study guide.
Your instructor will give you a copy of the study guide. Please work through this presentation and study guide at your own pace.

Notice the study guide is missing specific terms.
You will find the answers to the missing terms as you read through this presentation. Fill in the blanks in your study guide.

A computer is an information tool

You put information into the computer called INPUT

Items that help you INPUT information into the computer...
(1) mouse (2) keyboard (3) microphone (4) scanner (5) joystick (6) modem or cable modem

you will input DATA and COMMANDS
When you use a computer you will input DATA and COMMANDS

DATA is information in the form of text, numbers or images you use for: LETTERS or REPORTS or PHOTOS

COMMANDS tell the computer what to do with data, such as to print or save

The information you get from a computer is called OUTPUT

Output comes in many forms...
1. displaying information on a monitor 2. printing data on a printer 3. sound coming out of the computer speakers 4. storing information on a disk to be used later

WHAT IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM?

The computer is a collection of separate items working together.

A computer system consists of two main components
A computer system consists of two main components... HARDWARE and SOFTWARE

WHAT IS HARDWARE? Hardware is the physical side of computing

Hardware includes the... 1. Central processing unit 2. Disk drives 3. Disk & other storage devices 4. Other Peripherals

The word PERIPHERAL comes from the Greek language and means around the center.

A peripheral is any COMPONENT that is connected to your computer's central processing unit, such as...

a. a keyboard... b. a monitor...

c. a mouse... d. and printer...

Let’s look at some details about Hardware...
What is the Central Processing Unit or CPU?

The CPU is the real “brain” of the computer and contains electronic components and integrated circuits mounted on the MOTHERBOARD

MOTHERBOARD EXAMPLE: PCI expansion slots AGP video slot
ISA expansion slots Microprocessor slot RAM modules plug in here Hard drive connections Floppy Drive connections

THE MICROPROCESSOR CHIP or “the brain”
Hardware - The CPU contains the inner workings of the computer including... THE MICROPROCESSOR CHIP or “the brain”

The microprocessor chip’s PERFORMANCE (or speed) is gauged by MEGAHERTZ (MHz), or clock speed, which is millions of cycles per second.

The faster the microprocessor chips pulse, the faster the computer PROCESSES information

ENIAC had over 18,000 vacuum tubes and
The first computer ever built was named ENIAC or Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. It was built at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia in 1944. ENIAC had over 18,000 vacuum tubes and could only perform math calculations.

microprocessor chip history...
The 4004 was the first microprocessor chip made, and was used in a clock The 8086 and the the brains of IBM's Personal Computer 1974… The 8080 microprocessor chip became the brains of the first personal computer The 286 microprocessor chip was the first to be compatible with all software

The 386 microprocessor chip had over 100 times as many transistors as the It was "multitasking”. 1993… The Pentium microprocessor chip allowed computers to more easily incorporate speech, sound, handwriting and photographic images. 1989… 486 Microprocessor chip was the first to have a built-in math coprocessor, which speeds up computing.

1995… The Pentium Pro microprocessor chip was faster, enabling the use of programs for computer-aided design, mechanical engineering and scientific computation. 1997… Pentium II microprocessor chip contains 7.5 million-transistors and was designed to process video, audio and graphics data efficiently.

Think about how computers affect our lives…
Go through a day and notice all the things you see that work because of a computer or microprocessor chip installed in them. Remember... anything that provides a digital display, such as a digital clock, has a microprocessor chip in it!

RAM or RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
Hardware - The CPU contains the inner workings of the computer including... RAM or RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

RAM is TEMPORARY MEMORY the computer uses to store information the microprocessor chip needs to operate

is a number of MEMORY CHIPS mounted on the motherboard
RAM is a number of MEMORY CHIPS mounted on the motherboard

RAM... a. is the main memory of a computer system stores three things... the Operating System, Software Applications and Data b.

RAM… c. is a holding place for programs & data which must be in RAM before they will work d. is memory measured by the basic unit called a byte

RAM... e. is measured in megabytes such as 128 Mb or 256 Mb, or gigabytes such as 1 Gb f. is a computer system's PRIMARY workspace

forms the critical LINK between software and hardware
RAM... g. determines the size and number of programs that can be open at the same time h. forms the critical LINK between software and hardware

Compare the RAM in a computer to a cup of coffee:
An example of RAM... Compare the RAM in a computer to a cup of coffee: Pour too much coffee into this cup and what happens? It spills out - you lose coffee all over the table! You did not pay attention to the capacity of the cup.

Open too many items on your computer and what happens? It spills out - well, worse - the computer freezes up and you could lose your work! You did not pay attention to the capacity of your RAM...

…well, you could lose your work! But if you routinely SAVED the material you created during this session you would NOT lose that!

RAM is a VOLATILE form of memory
Volatile means that it can hold information only when ELECTRONICALLY powered

If you turn off the power to the computer, all the information stored in the RAM chips is erased or LOST

INSTALLING COMPUTER MEMORY
Memory installation is a pretty easy upgrade to perform. Most of the work, if you could call it that, comes before you actually do the upgrade - in being sure you get the right kind of memory for your system.

ROM or READ-ONLY MEMORY
Hardware - The CPU contains the inner workings of the computer including... ROM or READ-ONLY MEMORY

ROM is similar to RAM with one important difference...
the information stored on ROM is NOT VOLATILE

Information is PERMANENTLY recorded on the circuits of the ROM chips during manufacturing and cannot be erased

When you turn the power off on the computer...
the information stored in the ROM chips is NOT LOST like it is in RAM When you turn the power off on the computer...

When you turn the computer back on, the information stored in ROM is once again available to the CPU and to the OPERATING SYSTEM

The computer uses ROM to store PROGRAMMING and INSTRUCTIONS

THE HARD DISK DRIVE [C:]
Hardware - The CPU contains the inner workings of the computer including... THE HARD DISK DRIVE [C:]

The Hard Disk Drive [C:] contains the hard disk
and is the computer's main PERMANENT STORAGE DEVICE

The hard disk drive [C:] holds large amounts of DATA and PROGRAMS

BITS AND BYTES DATA and PROGRAMS are stored in DIGITAL form made up of bits or bytes

BITS AND BYTES The computer processes and stores information in BINARY form (Bi=Latin for Two) which means it uses two digits… “0” and “1”

Each “1” or “0” in the computer is called a BIT
BITS AND BYTES Each “1” or “0” in the computer is called a BIT A BIT is one particle on a disk BIT is short for “binary digit” A BIT is the smallest unit of information a computer can understand “0” represents (off) and “1” represents (on)

BITS AND BYTES Basic Input Output System (BIOS) is the part of the operating system that handles communication between the computer and all of its peripheral devices (keyboard, printer, mouse, etc.)

A set of 8 bits (such as 0100 0001 = A) makes a BYTE.
BITS AND BYTES A set of 8 bits (such as = A) makes a BYTE. Each alphabetic character, such as A, B, C... is represented by ONE BYTE.

BITS AND BYTES One standard page of typewritten text is approximately 2,000 characters or 2k bytes

Information on your hard disk is NOT AFFECTED when you turn off the computer...
and remains on the hard disk unless you TELL THE COMPUTER to delete it.

THE FLOPPY DISK DRIVE [A:]
Hardware - The CPU contains the inner workings of the computer including... THE FLOPPY DISK DRIVE [A:]

31/2” Floppy Disk Drive [A:]
is found at the front of the... CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

Each floppy disk drive consists of a...
SLOT to accept a floppy disk MOTOR that spins the disk recording & reading device that moves across the disk in order to READ (look for) or WRITE (save) data

Parts of the 31/2” Floppy Disk Drive [A:]
This is where the floppy disk is INSERTED This light turns green to indicate the disk drive is READING or WRITING the inserted floppy disk Push this button to EJECT the floppy disk

THE 31/2” FLOPPY DISK Hardware - The CPU contains
the inner workings of the computer including... THE 31/2” FLOPPY DISK

The 31/2” floppy disk is a STORAGE DEVICE for computer data to use in Drive [A:]

Floppy disks are REMOVABLE making this storage device a good way to store your data...
to give the data to another person... or to BACK-UP your data (make an extra copy for safe keeping)

Inside the protective case of the 31/2” floppy disk is a thin plate of flexible plastic coated with a layer of magnetic material.

Let’s look at the inside of a 31/2” disk...
When a 31/2” disk is broken open, the two halves of the cover break apart to expose the inside...

The magnetic disk is positioned between two white paper rings
Plastic Housing The two rings are glued down to the plastic housing and stay still while the disk spins Magnetic Disk Paper Ring The paper rings keep the magnetic disk clean from dust

MAGNETIC DISK Made of a round, floppy piece of plastic coated with iron oxide. Iron oxide can be magnetized. When you save data on a disk, a recording head creates a magnetic pattern on the iron oxide. The pattern stores the data in a way that helps the computer “read” it, the next time you use the disk.

PLASTIC FLAP It's hidden under one of the paper rings. The small end is glued down, and the plastic is bent, just a little. It pushes the paper ring tight against the surface of the magnetic disk.

THE HUB The metal center of the magnetic floppy disk. The holes in the hub are like the hole in the middle of a vinyl record - they fit over spindles inside the computer and hold the disk in place while it spins.

THE SHUTTER The shutter is a piece of metal at the bottom edge of the disk. The shutter protects a rectangular area which exposes part of the delicate magnetic disk. This is the part of the disk that goes in first when you insert it in the computer. Inside the computer, the shutter slides over, and the information on the disk can be read through the rectangular slot.

THE SPRING When the floppy disk is ejected from the computer, the spring snaps the shutter closed This stops dust or fingerprints from getting onto the magnetic disk

WRITE-PROTECT TAB This little plastic rectangle is in the upper right corner of a floppy disk. It slides up to reveal a square hole in the housing... or slides down, to cover the hole. When the hole is open, the disk is locked. Your computer won't allow you to add anything to the disk or erase anything from it, while this is locked.

will have boxes like these
A double sided/high density disk is abbreviated DS/HD You can tell that this example is a DS/HD by noticing that two corners of the disk will have boxes like these The 31/2” DS/HD disk ALWAYS holds 1.44 MB of data

When you insert a floppy disk into a disk drive on your computer, a motor within the system unit spins the disk to READ or WRITE data.

A floppy disk spins SLOWER than the hard disk
A floppy disk spins SLOWER than the hard disk. A floppy disk does not hold enough information to accommodate larger programs and data files.

DISK MAINTENANCE Take care of your disks and they will last a loooong time!

(B) Keep diskettes away from your telephone.
(A) Never place diskettes near magnetic devices; can erase information from the disk. (B) Keep diskettes away from your telephone. (C) Never touch your floppy disk media. (D) Never smoke near floppy disks. (E) Store your diskettes in a safe location. (F) Always make backup copies of your floppy disks. (G) Do not expose the disk to extreme heat or cold temperatures. (H) Never bend floppy disks. (I) Never remove the disk from the disk drive when the drive light is on. (J) Do not use paper clips or rubber bands on a disk.

THE CD-ROM DRIVE [D:] Hardware - The CPU contains
the inner workings of the computer including... THE CD-ROM DRIVE [D:]

CD-ROM stands for: COMPACT DISK READ-ONLY MEMORY

Information is permanently recorded on the compact disk
during manufacturing and cannot be erased...

Read-only means that you can…
a. read the contents b. copy the contents you cannot… c. change the contents d. save data on the CD

this type of disk also has graphics,
This disk drive accepts a disk that looks like a music CD, but instead of having only music recorded on the platter, this type of disk also has graphics, text, and sound stored on it.

Computers these days, are multimedia computers and come with...
A CD-ROM Drive A sound adapter which is a card mounted on the motherboard Speakers A Microphone

CD-R or CD-RW DRIVE Hardware - The CPU contains
the inner workings of the computer including... CD-R or CD-RW DRIVE

CD-R stands for COMPACT DISK WRITABLE
CD-RW stands for COMPACT DISK REWRITABLE

(1) Save 700 megabytes of data on each CD — the equivalent of 450 floppy disks.
This kind of disk drive accepts a CD that you can store data on. Some of the possibilities are... (2) Save files on a CD as easily as you would using a floppy disk. (3) Create your own CDs. Save files, photos, music and video.

(4) Write and rewrite large files—Save several times on one CD-RW disk!
(5) Create, store, and share your own photo, music, video, and multimedia projects. (6) Share files with anyone, anywhere. Use CD-Rs to distribute files, photos, presentations, music, and more on portable, durable CDs.

An INTERNAL CD-Writer can be added to your desktop computer if you have an empty port...
A blank panel on the front of your CPU indicates another drive can be added, such as a CD-R drive

a. connect this portable drive to your laptop...
An EXTERNAL CD-Writer can be plugged into the back of almost any computer... a. connect this portable drive to your laptop... b. to another computer in your office c. take the drive home with your office work d. you can take an external drive with you anywhere

THE ZIP DRIVE Hardware - The CPU contains
the inner workings of the computer including... THE ZIP DRIVE

An INTERNAL Zip Drive can be added to your desktop computer if you have an empty port...
A blank panel on the front of your CPU indicates another drive can be added, such as a Zip drive

An EXTERNAL Zip Drive can be plugged into the back of any computer.

Hardware - Another type of storage device available that are removable, easy to use and hold more data… FLASH MEMORY STICK

FLASH MEMORY STICK Electronic memory comes in a variety of forms to serve a variety of purposes. Flash memory is used for easy and fast information storage. Flash memory is considered a solid state storage device. Solid state means that there are no moving parts -- everything is electronic instead of mechanical.

THE MODEM Hardware - The CPU contains
the inner workings of the computer including... THE MODEM

A MODEM helps computers CONNECT with each other through telephone lines

Most computers come with an INTERNAL modem which is installed inside the CPU
If a computer does not have a modem you can connect an EXTERNAL modem which plugs into the computer from the outside

Using a modem you can send or receive electronic mail or EMAIL

When you send a message using your computer, the modem converts the computer signal from DIGITAL (0’s and 1’s) to ANALOG so that the telephone line understands it...

On the receiving end, the recipient’s modem converts the message from analog back to digital.

Modem is an abbreviation for
modulator-demodulator

A modem lets you UPLOAD and DOWNLOAD files
Upload means to send a file to another computer via the modem Download means to receive a file from another computer, via modem

THE MONITOR Hardware - The CPU controls
peripherals connected to the computer including... THE MONITOR

The monitor displays text and graphics.

THE KEYBOARD Hardware - The CPU controls
peripherals connected to the computer including... THE KEYBOARD

The keyboard is the main means of giving INSTRUCTIONS to the computer

An enhanced computer keyboard has four groups of keys:

(1) keys with letters, numbers and symbols

(2) FUNCTION keys labeled F1 to F12 Their functions depend on the program in use

(3) cursor (or arrow) keys which let you move around the screen

(4) the numeric keypad

THE MOUSE Hardware - The CPU controls
peripherals connected to the computer including... THE MOUSE

A mouse is a hand-held POINTING device that is used to direct things on your monitor screen

You control your computer quickly by pointing to, and moving OBJECTS on the screen

This is easier than remembering and TYPING commands

You guide the mouse over a flat surface and a ball on the underside rolls in the direction of your movement

There are many different mouse designs to choose from including optical (cordless)

THE PRINTER Hardware - The CPU controls
peripherals connected to the computer including... THE PRINTER

LASER printers produce the highest quality output at the highest speed

INK-JET printers use a stream of tiny ink dots to create images on paper

DOT-MATRIX printers use tiny pins against a ribbon and are slower

A WIDE FORMAT PRINTER will print signs, banners and posters using bubble-jet, solid-ink and thermal transfer technologies

To reproduce what you see on your computer monitor, the PRINTER will create a HARD COPY of letters, reports, or graphics

The Scanner Hardware - The CPU controls
peripherals connected to the computer including... The Scanner

There are 3 types of scanners: HANDHELD...

FLATBED and SHEET-FED

A scanner picks up patterns of light and dark or color and converts the patterns into digital form.
You can scan photographs, drawings, and documents to utilize as digital information.

The Joystick Hardware - The CPU controls
peripherals connected to the computer including... The Joystick

Joystick A joystick is the easiest way to control movement on a monitor. This is typically used to play certain games such as a flight simulator. The joystick has also been found useful for people who have difficulty using a mouse for everyday use.

The Microphone Hardware - The CPU controls
peripherals connected to the computer including... The Microphone

If you want to record sound to use on your computer you need a microphone.
Any sound that goes into the microphone such as voice or music will be recorded digitally by the computer.

Speakers Hardware - The CPU controls
peripherals connected to the computer including... Speakers

Speakers To hear sound from your computer you must attach speakers.
You can play music CDs in the CD-ROM drive and hear the music through your computer speakers!

Let’s review… the two components of computing are Hardware and Software Hardware we have discussed... Inside the CPU… Microprocessor Chip RAM ROM Hard Disk Drive Floppy Disk Drive Modem Sound Card

Peripherals … Monitor Keyboard Mouse Printer Scanner Joystick Microphone Speakers
Let’s review… the two components of computing are Hardware and Software Hardware we have discussed...

Let’s review… the two components of computing are Hardware and Software Hardware we have discussed... Removable Storage Devices… Disks that fit in their appropriate disk drives such as the: 3 1/2” Floppy Disk CD-ROM Recordable CD Zip Disk Flash Memory Stick

WHAT IS SOFTWARE? Software is a set of instructions telling the hardware what to do...

Software is a set of instructions...
This set of instructions, written by a computer programmer is also called a program

Software is a set of instructions...
To write a letter, perform calculations, draw, or play games you need the specific programs that can do these things on your computer.

(1) To write a letter you’d need a word processor such as the WordPad program
(2) To perform calculations you could use the Calculator program (3) To play a game you‘d open the Solitaire program (4) To draw you would use the program called Paint

WHAT TYPES OF SOFTWARE ARE THERE?

Systems Software is a set of instructions...
Systems Softwares are basic programs that enable the running of other programs

Windows XP is an operating system that controls and manages the computer and the programs you run on it.

Windows XP is a combination of the operating system and the windows interface.

A special feature of Windows XP is MULTITASKING...
the capability to do several things at the same time, which the previous operating systems could not do.

let us do very specific, useful things with our computers
ApplicationsSoftware is a set of instructions that... let us do very specific, useful things with our computers

ApplicationsSoftware is a set of instructions that...
come in various forms such as Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, Dreamweaver, Adobe Photoshop, and many others

COMPUTER VIRUSES are destructive programs...
that attempt to interfere with the normal operation of the computer by rewriting or deleting information from hard drives, or causing damage to the hardware.

Viruses can spread from computer to computer through MODEMS and by sharing FLOPPY DISKS

There are software programs available which will detect and remove viruses on systems.
such as… Macafee, Norton Antivirus and more.

Let’s review… computing consists of two components: Hardware and Software Software we have discussed... Systems Software Windows XP Applications Microsoft Office XP Corel WordPerfect Viruses Antivirus Programs

COMPUTER CONNECTIVITY which combines hardware and software...
Connectivity means methods of connecting computers together.

Connectivity can result between computers through modems and local area networks.

A Local Area Network (LAN) links a group of computers together within a local area, such as a single floor of a building. This allows many computer users to share files, programs and resources.

The Internet utilizes hardware and software...

The Internet is a collection of computer networks that span the globe...
connecting... EDUCATIONAL GOVERNMENT MILITARY COMMERCIAL and private citizens to a wide range of computer services, resources and information.

The Internet utilizes hardware and software...
Commercial on-line services such as America Online, or Cox cable are available for anyone to utilize.

THE END !

INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPUTER

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