1. Chapter 5 information processing

2. Information processing
Recap:
Black box model
Welford’s model
CNS
feedback

3. Information processing
Sensation/sensory input
EXTEROCEPTORS: provide information from outside of the body;
- vision & auditory
INTEROCEPTORS: provide information within the body; vestibular apparatus (balance), joint receptors, muscle spindles etc

4. Information processing
Signal detection:
We receive over 100,000 pieces of information per second
“background noise” = non essential information
Signal detection will depend on the intensity of the signal compared to the background noise.
Depends on interaction of 2 variables

5. Signal detection Criterion (C) d-prime (d’)
The effect of a person’s bias on detection. Dependant on arousal; if low a signal may be missed.
d-prime (d’)
Represents the individual’s sensitivity to a particular signal. (sensitivity of senses, experience)

6. MEMORY
“the capacity that permit organisms to benefit from their past experiences.”
Sensory information store (SIS):
all incoming information held here for a brief time.
Information is only retained if it’s attended to.

7. MEMORY Short term memory (STM): Long term memory(LTM):
Information rehearsed from the SIS is passed onto the STM
90% of information lost within the first 10 seconds.
STM has a limited capacity (7±2)
Long term memory(LTM):
No capacity limitations
Yet often we have difficulty in remembering things!

8. MEMORY Selective attention-memory interaction
Our STM has a limited capacity
We overcome this by using selective attention.
Focusing on relevant information & ignoring irrelevant information.
Past experience helps with signal attention

9. RESPONSE TIME
The time from the introduction of a stimulus to the completion of an action to deal with the problem.
Reaction time & movement time
Factors affecting it:
Gets faster during childhood/adolescence
Gest slower as we get older
Movement time depends on fitness
Number of choices to be made

10. Psychological refractory period
Reaction time to stimulus 1 (S1) is expected
A second stimulus (S2) will have a slower than normal reaction time
Processing of S2 can not take place until S1 processing is complete
This gap is the psychological refractory period.

11. Psychological RP http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQLMRusBAko
The feint is S1 and the actual movement is S2
The defender will be slow in reacting to the real movement.

12. Motor Programmes
A set of muscle commands that allow movement to be performed without any peripheral feedback.
Example: catch or hit a ball
Executive motor programme:
A number of motor programmes put together
Example: a gymnastic
routine or playing the piano

13. Motor Programmes Open loop:
performance of a skill without recourse to feedback
Very fast movements
Hitting a baseball coming in at 100kph
No time for feedback to alter the movement

14. Motor Programmes Closed loop: Altering a movement during its execution
Example: returning a slow tennis serve
Perceptual trace – memory for the feel of successful past experiences/movements

15. TO DO by 20/2 What is Schmidt’s schema theory?
What is intrinsic feedback?
What is extrinsic feedback?
What is knowledge of results?
What is knowledge of performance?
Give examples
Explain the difference between positive and negative feedback.
What are the advantages of feedback?

16. Schema theory
Schema = a set of generalized rules or rules that are generic to a group of movements
Recall Schema = memory with regard to the choice and initiation of action
Recognition Schema = memory for the feel of a movement, allows for changes in action
Both schema’s require LTM recall

17. Information resulting from
Feedback
Information resulting from
an action or response
Intrinsic Feedback: available to a player without outside help. The feel of a movement.
Extrinsic Feedback: provided by someone or something else (coach, stopwatch). Can be given during (concurrent) or after (terminal) performance.

18. Feedback Knowledge of Results (KR):
post-response information about the outcome of an action.
Mostly visual, or a time, or a distance.

19. Feedback Knowledge of Performance (KP):
post-response information concerning the nature of the movement.
The ‘feel’ of a movement
Knowledge of sensory consequences
Concurrent or terminal

20. Feedback Positive feedback: Negative feedback: What you did well
Prescriptive feedback (how to improve)
Negative feedback:
Concentrates on errors
Should be followed with prescriptive feedback
Can be demotivating esp with beginners

21. Feedback & learning
Summarise this section of your text on page 121 in your words & with your opinion on negative feedback –
does it have a place in sport?
Should it be used with beginners, experienced athletes or neither? Why/why not…