1. Internet basics Eng. Mohammad Alenezi mohalenezi@gmail.com
Content prepared by Eng. Mohd Alenezi

3. Table of Content Introduction what is the internet?
the history of the internet
What is the world wide web?
Terms to be familiar with
Components of the internet
Internet concepts
The browser
Navigating the web
Subject Directories
Search Engines
Useful sites
Using
Error Messages
Definitions

4. What is the Internet?
The Internet is a collection of millions of computers, all linked together on a network to communicate.
The Internet is the largest and most well known computer network in the world.

5. INTRODUCTION Home computer links to internet through:
Phone
Wi-Fi
Wireless
DSL
Modem ISP (internet service provider)
In business computers have
(NIC) Network Interface Card LAN (local area network)
High speed ISP = 1.5 mb/s while normal phone = 30 – 50 kb/s largest ISP connect through Fiber (undersea, satellite)

6. Modem
A device used to attach your computer to telephone system , convert data into sound which is sent over the telephone line, the receiving modem turn the sound into data which computer can understand

7. Computer Networks and the Internet
A network is two or more intelligent devices connected by communication link or wirelessly
Network is a collection of hardware and other devices that are connected together so that users can share hardware, software and data.
LAN (local area network)
Local network connecting computers
within the same building
WAN (wide area network)
more than one local network
connecting together

8. Wireless network

9. Networks examples

10. The history of Internet
the U.S. Defense research program to develop communication protocols
First generation of networking hardware and software
ARPANET connects first 4 universities in the United States
1970 – 1973 ARPANET successes to allow scientists to share data
The ARPANET grows to 23 hosts connecting universities
The ARPANET goes international
The term 'Internet' is used for the first time.

11. 1982 – 87 Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf creates TCP/IP, the common language of all Internet computers
1986, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), provides a major backbone communication
The World Wide Web is born!
the first graphics-based Web browser
the Internet in commercial hands
Nearly 10 million hosts online. The Internet covers the globe

12. Components of the internet
addresses uniquely identify a mail user and a mail server, Separated by
No blank spaces are allowed
Telnet
Chat & instant messaging
World Wide Web
Facebook
Twitter

13. What is the World Wide Web?
The World Wide Web (www) refers to all of the web pages available on all the HTTP web servers on the Internet
protocol based on hypertext developed by Tim Berners-Lee and others
Almost support every protocol available on net
Internet is not the same thing as the World Wide Web
The Internet is the infrastructure for the World Wide Web
The Internet is also the infrastructure for and file sharing, for instance

14. Internet concepts Clients & Servers IP Addresses Web Pages Hypertext
Protocols

15. Server network
Machines that provides services (web servers, FTP servers) to other machines called servers
The other computers on a network that access network resources through the network server are called clients

16. IP Addresses & Domain Names
Each machine on the internet is assigned a unique address (IP)
IP addresses are 32-bit numbers looks:
Every web server on the Internet has an IP address, and your computer has one too.
for
Domain name
A domain name is an alias for an IP (Internet Protocol) address:
Domain Name Registrars administer Domain names and IP addresses
Generic TLD's (top level domain): .com, .org, .net, .gov, .mil, and the newer .biz, .info, etc.
Country TLD's: .de = Germany, .sc = Seychelles Island, .kw = ?
is a domain name (everything after the protocol up to the next slash, if any)
Your browser's address bar will recognize IP addresses just as well as domain names.
Every domain name and IP address is unique on the Internet

17. Web pages
Web sit is a collection of web pages are stored on computers called web servers
Web pages are accessed with a web browser program like Internet Explorer, Safari, Netscape, Firefox or Opera

18. Hypertext
Hypertext is a document containing words that connect to other documents
A single hypertext can contain links(image, video, audio & text) to many documents
Using language called HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
PROTOCOL
In IT a protocol is the special set of rules for communications
On the internet TCP/IP protocols are used:
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) which uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other internet points at the information packet level
IP (Internet Protocol) which uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the internet address level
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

19. IP Addresses. URL’s and Domain Names
Web page URLs usually begin with the standard protocol identifier
Hypertext transfer protocol
This part of the URL Next comes the
Identifies the Web server folder(s) in which the & domain name
Hosting the Web page Web page is stored,
If necessary.
This is the Web page document that is to be retrieved and displayed.
filename
/Index.html
Protocol web server domain folder page

20. Terms to Be Familiar With:
WWW (World Wide Web) - all the resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
Browser--Contains the basic software information over the Internet.
Download To copy data from a remote computer to a local computer.
Upload—To send data from a local computer to a remote computer.
- is the exchange of messages by telecommunication. E- mail can be distributed to lists of people as well as to individuals. However, you can also send non-text files, such as graphic images and sound files, as attachments sent in binary streams.
Home Page - The beginning "page" of any site.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) - The coding language used to create documents for use on the World Wide Web.

21. HTTP (HyperText Transport Protocol) - the set of rules for exchanging files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web.
Hyperlinks: take you to a different page when you click on them can be text or graphics
Search Engine - A web server that collects data from other web servers and puts it into a database.
TCP/IP -- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) - The Internet address. The prefix of a URL indicates which area of the Internet will be accessed. URLs look differently depending on the Internet resource you are seeking.
Address Bar: where you can type a URL of a page you want to see. Contains the URL of the page you are currently viewing
History list: tracks the URL‘ you've visited in the past x weeks
Search sites: Google, Yahoo, Ask

22. Components of the internet
Internet is made up of
ISP's (internet service provider)
Regional networks (large network)
Backbone networks (major high-speed network)
Web servers Accessing Networks Needs
Modem or other network adapter
dialup via the public telephone network or broadband such as cable, DSL, satellite
Web browser
ISP: a service that connects you to the Internet
User ID and password to log on

23. What is a Web Browser?
It’s a basic software enable users in order to travel, find, retrieve, view and send information over the Internet
The most popular browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer , Netscape Navigator and Mozilla Firefox
Menu Bar
Title Bar
Address Bar
Standard Buttons
Toolbar

24. Scroll Bar
Frames
Status Bar

25. Toolbars Back Lets you return to pages you've viewed9 10 11 8 4 5 6 7 1 2 3
Back Lets you return to pages you've viewed
Forward. Lets you move forward through pages you've viewed using the Back button
Favorites. Displays a list of the sites you have marked
Home. Returns you to your home page. You can designate any Web page as your home page.
Refresh. Updates any Web page stored in your disk cache with the latest content
Stop. Halts the process of downloading a Web page.
Print. Prints the page you're viewing
Search. Displays a choice of popular Internet search engines in the left pane.
Minimize go to smaller window’s view
Maximize go to bigger window’s view
Close window
Without OS computer can’t function at all

26. Boot processing User interface Power on
Boot “ part of the computer OS loaded into the memory”
Diagnostic
Launches programs “ antivirus, instant messaging”
Start up PC
User interface
Command line
Graphical user interface (GUI)
Windows
Icons
Menus
Toolbars
Taskbar
Hyperlinks
Sizing buttons
Dialog boxes

27. What is a URL?
URL (Uniform Resource Locater) the combination of protocol, domain name (Or IP address), folder and page (file) name all taken together.
Every server on the Internet has an IP number, a unique number consisting of 4 parts separated by dots The IP number is the server's address.
However, it is harder for people to remember numbers than to remember word combinations, so addresses are given "word-based" addresses called URLs. The URL and the IP number are one and the same
The standard way to give the address of any resource on the Internet that is part of the World Wide Web (WWW). A URL looks like this:
telnet://well.sf.ca.us
gopher://gopher.ed.gov
The URL is divided into sections: transfer/transport protocol :// server (or domain). generic top level domain/path/filename, The first part of a URL defines the transport protocol.
(HyperText Transport Protocol) moves graphical, hypertext files
ftp:// (File Transfer Protocol) moves a file between 2 computers
gopher:// (Gopher client) moves text-based files
news: (News group reader) accesses a discussion group
telnet:// (Telnet client) allows remote login to another computer

28. Pronouncing internet addressat
The . dot
The / slash
Using favorites
Called favorites in Internet Explorer and bookmarks in Netscape, that allows you to save URLs
Searching the web