1. Prisons for sale – or: Sale of Humanity International Project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 Outline Market or State – the provision of welfare – Lecture and opening discussion The Liberalisation of the Market for Services Social Services – Commodification or Decommodification of the workforce Social Services in Nordhausen - developments

2. Prisons for sale – or: Sale of Humanity International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 Outline Introduction European Integration as framework Social Policy – between doing good and management Social policy – a EUropean perspective Social services – their current quantitative meaning Social services – a tradable good?

3. International project-week Nordhausen 2003 That which was experimental in our plan of government was the question whether democratic rule could be so organized and conducted that it would not degenerate into license and result in the tyranny of absolutism, without saving to the people the power so often found necessary of repressing or destroying their enemy, when he was found in the person of a single despot.

4. International project week Nordhausen 2003 What drives this headlong rush towards the unimaginable? Prison is no longer just a crime and punishment business, it is a money business. From the chain- gang to the isolation unit, incarceration has become one of America 's fastest- growing industries, a sure thing in a softening economy. Buy a prison

5. International project week Nordhausen 2003 Buy a prison 2 Generating over $30 billion a year in the US - more than baseball, more than pornography - the thriving prison industry has created millionaires with a vested interest in filling cells and employees with a fatalistic attitude to their long-term guests. "Let's face it," one warden recently remarked, "they're here to die."

6. International project week Nordhausen 2003 European Integration as framework

7. International project week Nordhausen The European Social Model normative hopes and promises … For most people it is the European Social Model that distinguishes Europe from other parts of the developed countries. This model is probably better defined as a set of shared values than as a fixed model. … These values include: A society which places human rights including economic and social rights at the centre of its concerns and ensures that no one is excluded from exercising their rights and participating fully in society

8. International project week Nordhausen 2003 The European Social Model normative hopes and promises … 2 A high level of social protection and universal and equal access to key services such as; health care, education and training, housing, that is guaranteed or provided by the state The recognition of the strength of cultural diversity within and between member states. A commitment to high quality and stable employment with a strong emphasis on the rights of workers

9. International project week Nordhausen … and the official working definition The European Social Model reflects the following common principles: Europes success must not exclude anyone, Solidarity is linked to economic success. There is neither dilemma nor a contradiction between economic and social progress. The welfare state is not a luxury, a product of economic development, but a factor of production.

10. International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 The Union has today set itself a new strategic goal for the next decade: to become the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion. The Unions strategic goal

11. International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 The Unions strategic goal 2 This strategy is designed to enable the Union to regain the conditions for full employment, and to strengthen regional cohesion in the European Union. The European Council needs to set a goal for full employment in Europe in an emerging new society which is more adapted to the personal choices of women and men.

12. International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 EUropean integration – the fundamental mechanism of four basic freedoms Free movement of capital Free movement of goods Free movement of workers Free movement of services

13. International project week Nordhausen 2003 Social policy – between doing good and management

14. International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 Social Policy – fundamental role and function Protection Distribution Production Societal politics Re-Distribution (interpersonal and intergenerational)

15. International project week Nordhausen 2003 The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism - A Typology of welfare systems (Esping- Andersen) Welfare regime A regime is understood as a particular constellation of social, political and economic arrangements which tend to nurture a particular welfare system, which in turn supports a particular pattern of stratification, and thus feeds back into its own stability.

16. International project week Nordhausen 2003 The Three Worlds … 2 De-commodification occurs when a service is rendered as a matter of right and when a person can maintain a livelihood without reliance on the market.

17. International project week Nordhausen 2003 The Three Worlds … 3a Type of wel-fare regime LiberalConservative Social- democratic Values Work ethic stigma Rights according to class and status Equality, universalism of high standards Instruments Means tested assistance Private insurance backed by state State = first line of support; high level of benefits Aims Strengthen market Strengthen civil society, limit market Fusion welfare and work, full employment

18. International project week Nordhausen 2003 Decommodi- fication LowMediumhigh Class implications Middle class suspicious of state Class maintained but stabilised Middle class wooed from market to state Example USA, Canada, Australia, UK Austria, France, Germany, Italy Scandinavia The Three Worlds … 3b

19. International project week Nordhausen 2003 Social policy – a EUropean perspective

20. International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 Social Policy in the European Context – flanking market imperfection European Social Policy as flanking factor – thought as evening out and compensating for shortcomings in other policy areas

21. International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 Since the introduction of the internal market the necessity of reducing regional disparities is getting even stronger in the political task list. In a world, shaped by looking for competitiveness one cannot presume that free trade and the market guarantee a balanced development. In consequence the situation of poor regions is getting even worse. Social Policy in the European Context – flanking market imperfection

22. International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 In addition the governments are reducing public spending to fulfill the convergence criteria as they had been defined in the Treaty of Masstricht. Social Policy in the European Context – flanking market imperfection

23. International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 Social Policy in the European Context – flanking market imperfection

24. International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 European Social Policy as productive factor – linkage or subordination? Social policy as a productive factor can be interpreted as promoting growth or, more broadly, as promoting quality of life. Productivity, in the sense of promoting growth implies that growth in income per capita is the key policy aim. …

25. International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 European Social Policy as productive factor – linkage or subordination? The important thing is to realise the double dimension of social policy. It has a consumption (e.g. redistribution) and an investment component (education and training, health care, occupational safety and health).

26. International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 European Social Policy as productive factor – linkage or subordination?

27. International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 European Social Policy – the costs of non-social policy On the side of the economic costs of non-social policy we have shown that social policy contributes to economic stabilisation and smoothing of the business cycle, and it has a positive effect on allocation efficiency.

28. International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 European Social Policy – the costs of non-social policy Publicly provided social protection offers the possibility to cope with adverse selection, internalise (income) externalities and take advantage of economies of scales.

29. International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 European Social Policy – the costs of non-social policy Social policy also contributes to the quality of the labour force and the formation of social capital. On changing and dynamic labour markets – such as transitional labour markets with increased flexibility of the labour market, part-time work, non-linear careers – it contributes to smoothing new social and economic risks.

30. International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 European Social Policy – the costs of non-social policy

31. International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 Social Policy in a Social Quality Perspective The social is the outcome of constantly changing processes through which individuals realise themselves as interacting social beings. From this point of view social policy is no longer the handmaiden of economic policy, because both depend on the underlying concept of the social.

32. International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 Furthermore policy can no longer be seen as a top-down form of governance, because the social processes in which individuals realise themselves should be point of departure for policy development. Social Policy in a Social Quality Perspective

33. International project week Nordhausen Mai 2003 Social Policy in a Social Quality Perspective

34. International project week Nordhausen 2003 Social services – their current quantitative meaning

35. International project week Nordhausen 2003 Einrichtungen und Dienste der Freien Wohlfahrtspflege 2000 Einrich - tungen Betten/ Plätze Vollzeit- beschäft. Teilzeit- beschäft. 1. Krankenhäuser 1.227220.507213.774103.742 2. Jugendhilfe 33.9741.835.231146.482110.250 3. Familienhilfe 9.45358.75734.50554.942 4. Altenhilfe 15.212481.495129.437108.140

36. International project week Nordhausen 2003 Einrichtungen und Dienste – 2 Einrich- tungen Betten/ Plätze Vollzeit- beschäft. Teilzeit- beschäft. 5. Behindertenhilfe 12.449344.81998.20859.503 6. Sonstige Einrichtungen und Dienste 19.683&215.41755.83533.086 7. Aus-, Fort- und Weiter- bildungsstätten 1.568114.3108.4357.990 Gesamt 93.5663.270.536686.676477.653

37. International project week Nordhausen 2003 Facilities and sevices provided by the non- statutory welfare – according working areas, 2000

38. International project week Nordhausen 2003 And sevices provided by the non-statutory welfare – according working areas, 2000 – beds and spaces

39. International project week Nordhausen 2003 Facilities and sevices provided by the non- statutory welfare – according working areas, 2000 - Employees

40. International project week Nordhausen 2003 Distribution of care facilities in Ireland

41. International project week Nordhausen 2003

44. Social services – a tradable good?

45. International project week Nordhausen 2003 The term service contains the contradiction of the subjective-personal order (of power) of serving on the one hand and the objective (then mostly impersonal/alienated) criteria of order which are concerned with perfomance. Social Services – their specific character. The academic debate

46. International project week Nordhausen 2003 Totality of activities concerned with the material and ideal reporiduction of society A: fullfilling the physical conditions of life by productive activities B: 1) services as form- protecting activities 2) Extracting activities in the primary sector 3) Productive activities in the secondary sector Processing and application of information Material-production oriented services Interactive, person-oriented services Social Services – their specific character. The academic debate

47. International project week Nordhausen 2003 Terminology: social services are not clearly differentiated in regard of the dimension of acting and the organisational dimension. Classification: social services are being classified as sub-category of person- oriented services Substantial aspect: social services are characterised as being help/support (for dependents) Social Services – their specific character. The academic debate

48. International project week Nordhausen 2003 Formal aspect: social services are provided in the framework of statutory social policy: central, bureaucratic, paid, professionalised Historical aspect: historically, social services are recent; previously matters concerned had been part of the socio- cultural system, provided near to the family and natural Social Services – their specific character. The academic debate

49. International project week Nordhausen 2003 Social Services are services of General Interest They have, however, a specific nature, making them different from other services of general interest (e.g. transport, electricity supply etc.) Consequently, they need specific treatment Social Services – their specific character. The recent debate by the Platform of Social NGOs

50. International project week Nordhausen 2003 Concerned with the implementation of human rights and empowerment of people Person-centred linked to the respective national welfare systems based on institutional, organised arrangements with qualified personell Results depending on the quality of interaction Social Services – their specific character. The recent debate by the Platform of Social NGOs

51. International project week Nordhausen 2003 The implementation of the EU-law in the area of services of general interest will only enforce the liberalisation and competitive orientation which is widely accepted in other areas of the law of the member states and which guarantees freedom, wealth and multitude by applying the rules of the market. Social Services – their specific character

52. International project week Nordhausen 2003 The advocates of the application of the competition law cannot understand why the provision of financial services is seen as so crucial that it has to be guaranteed by the state (saving banks) but that nobody considers to transfer the trade with food into public enterprises because of the importance of the provision across the entire region. Social Services – their specific character

53. International project week Nordhausen 2003 The public sector is a central element of economic policies in the member states. Social Services – their specific character

54. International project week Nordhausen 2003 Project work 1.Discuss the four definitions 2.Provide a comparative list with social services in and around Nordhausen

55. International project week Nordhausen 2003 Project work Defintion Widely held under- standing Academic defintion Platform on behalf of providers Liberal Economy Type of service/ name of agency (b – border- case)