1. Options for sustainable construction

3. This module will describe the generic benefits of solid timber construction. The advantages of these construction styles when seeking a sustainable solution. We will also look at the particular advantages of each style to individual projects.

4. Brettstaple

5. Interlocking Log / Machine Profile Log

6. Brettstaple Interlocking Log / Machine Profile Log Cross Laminated Timber

7. Brettstaple Interlocking Log / Machine Profile Log Cross Laminated Timber Each system has its own particular advantages which make it more suited to an individual project. This module is intended to provide the generic benefits of solid timber construction.

8. Sometimes known as Dowelam. Brettstaple Construction consists of creating a solid wood panel by layering sections of timber and connecting by use of a hardwood dowel (or alternative) to create a locked solid timber section. These sections are fixed together on site to create a structural shell.

9. Interlocking Log buildings are created by layering logs on site and fixing with a combination of dowels and threaded bar. These logs are locked together on site to create the structural shell. Interlocking logs can be supplied in a variety of profiles, the most popular being Machine Profiled Logs (MPL). This is the system we will refer to for the purpose of this module.

10. Example wall section for MPL Building

11. Cross-laminated boards are glued together and used to build walls and joists. Panels are machined in a factory to fine tolerances by computer controlled equipment. The panels arrive on site with apertures for doors and windows, and wiring and plumbing channels already prepared.

12. Cross Laminated Timber, Brettstaple and Machine Profile Log are all types of solid timber construction. TrueTrue or FalseFalse

13. Are you sure? Would you like to try again? Try again

14. Well Done! Cross Laminated Timber, Brettstaple and Machine Profile Log are all types of solid timber construction.

15. Sustainability of materials

16. Air tightness

17. Sustainability of materials Air tightness Speed of construction

18. Sustainability of materials Air tightness Speed of construction Low site waste

19. Sustainability of materials Air tightness Speed of construction Low site waste Suitability for sites with restricted access

20. Sustainability of materials Air tightness Speed of construction Low site waste Suitability for sites with restricted access Off Site Pre-Fabrication

21. Sustainability of materials Air tightness Speed of construction Low site waste Suitability for sites with restricted access Off Site Pre-Fabrication Potential to loose all wet trades

22. Sustainability of materials Air tightness Speed of construction Low site waste Suitability for sites with restricted access Off Site Pre-Fabrication Potential to loose all wet trades Quality of internal finish

23. Sustainability of materials Air tightness Speed of construction Low site waste Suitability for sites with restricted access Off Site Pre-Fabrication Potential to loose all wet trades Quality of internal finish Improvement of internal air quality

24. Sustainability of materials Air tightness Speed of construction Low site waste Suitability for sites with restricted access Off Site Pre-Fabrication Potential to loose all wet trades Quality of internal finish Improvement of internal air quality Energy Efficiency

25. Sustainability of materials Air tightness Speed of construction Low site waste Suitability for sites with restricted access Off Site Pre-Fabrication Potential to loose all wet trades Quality of internal finish Improvement of internal air quality Energy Efficiency Designing for De-Construction

26. Solid Timber Construction can provide a rapid, sustainable and safe construction process and result in a high quality, low maintenance, energy efficient building. TrueTrue or FalseFalse

27. Are you sure? Would you like to try again? Try again

28. Well Done! Timber can be 100% reused or recycled.

29. Established Independent protocols for verification of material and supply chain sustainability through FSC® or PEFC® certification.

30. Continuous forest renewal improves global air quality as a result of Carbon Sequestration

31. Established Independent protocols for verification of material and supply chain sustainability through FSC® or PEFC® certification. Continuous forest renewal improves global air quality as a result of Carbon Sequestration Suitability of timber for recycling/re-use means that there is no waste to landfill

32. When using Timber as a construction material it reduces site waste. This is because it can be re-used and re-cycled and does not need to go to landfil. True or False? TrueFalse?

33. Are you sure? Would you like to try again? Try again

34. Well Done! Timber can be 100% reused or recycled.

35. Solid timber construction involves tightly fixed timbers which minimise infiltration routes

36. Timber buildings with timber on interior and exterior can reduce infiltration further

37. Solid timber construction involves tightly fixed timbers which minimise infiltration routes Timber buildings with timber on interior and exterior can reduce infiltration further MPL with appropriate breather membranes can achieve <1m3/hr at 50Pa

38. Solid timber construction involves tightly fixed timbers which minimise infiltration routes Timber buildings with timber on interior and exterior can reduce infiltration further MPL with appropriate breather membranes can achieve <1m3/hr at 50Pa MPL buildings can achieve Carbon Positive with air tightness at <3m3/hr at 50Pa & a solar array.

39. Image Courtesy of Cabinco

40. Solid timber construction – including MPL can achieve air tightness of <1m3/hr at 50Pa True or False

41. Are you sure? Would you like to try again? Try again

42. Well Done – Solid Timber construction, including MPL can achieve air tightness of <1m3/hr at 50Pa

43. Solid timber panels or logs are precision engineered off-site and pieced together to create a rapid construction process

44. Labour costs are reduced

45. Solid timber panels or logs are precision engineered off-site and pieced together to create a rapid construction process Labour costs are reduced No Drying/Curing times waiting for concrete/cement/plaster or paint

46. Solid timber panels or logs are precision engineered off-site and pieced together to create a rapid construction process Labour costs are reduced No Drying/Curing times waiting for concrete/cement/plaster or paint Inconvenience to neighbours reduced as a result

47. Just 17 days into construction of this 120sqm mpl nursery, the building is watertight and weatherproof with all first fixes complete.

48. WRAP state that offsite manufacture generates up to 80% less waste than traditional construction

49. Less waste = reduced costs of disposal

50. WRAP state that offsite manufacture generates up to 80% less waste than traditional construction Less waste = reduced costs of disposal Reduced traffic to/from site

51. WRAP state that offsite manufacture generates up to 80% less waste than traditional construction Less waste = reduced costs of disposal Reduced traffic to/from site No wet trades reduces COSHH waste

52. WRAP state that offsite manufacture generates up to 80% less waste than traditional construction Less waste = reduced costs of disposal Reduced traffic to/from site No wet trades reduces COSHH waste Neater, tidier and more environmentally friendly sites

53. WRAP state that offsite manufacture generates up to 80% less waste than traditional construction Less waste = reduced costs of disposal Reduced traffic to/from site No wet trades reduces COSHH waste Neater, tidier and more environmentally friendly sites MPL have recorded as little as 0.3 tonnes to landfill per 100m2 of new build.

54. WRAP states that off-site manufactured construction can produce 80% less waste than traditional construciton TrueTrue or FalseFalse

55. Are you sure? Would you like to try again? Try again

56. Well Done! Off site manufacture produces as little as 80% less waste than traditional construction.

57. Pre-fabricated panels or logs can be transported around site on a tele-handler or side loader (depending on size)

58. Machine profile logs and smaller panels can even be manually carried where access is particularly difficult

60. Precision Engineering Less waste

61. Precision Engineering Less waste Less on site machinery / power tools Lower co2 emissions Less noise Safer working conditions

62. Precision Engineering Less waste Less on site machinery / power tools Lower co2 emissions Less noise Safer working conditions Rapid Construction

63. Precision Engineering Less waste Less on site machinery / power tools Lower co2 emissions Less noise Safer working conditions Rapid Construction

64. Image shows external larch cladding

65. Solid timber construction – alongside off site manufacture can result in a safer, healthier and cleaner site. TrueTrue or FalseFalse

66. Are you sure? Would you like to try again? Try again

67. Solid Timber Construction which is usually combined with off-site manufacture reduces site waste, reduces use of machinery/power tools, reduces site CO2 emissions and results in a cleaner, healthier and safer site than traditional construction.

68. There is no need for cement /plaster /paint to be used on site where exposed timber is final finish on both internal and external walls. Therefore;

69. No wasted time curing/drying/proving

70. There is no need for cement /plaster /paint to be used on site where exposed timber is final finish on both internal and external walls. Therefore; No wasted time curing/drying/proving No weather delays

71. There is no need for cement /plaster /paint to be used on site where exposed timber is final finish on both internal and external walls. Therefore; No wasted time curing/drying/proving No weather delays Reduced Site Waste including COSHH waste

72. There is no need for cement /plaster /paint to be used on site where exposed timber is final finish on both internal and external walls. Therefore; No wasted time curing/drying/proving No weather delays Reduced Site Waste including COSHH waste Improved Health and Safety

73. Where internal finish is also timber ie; MPL or exposed Brettstapel then a high quality finish is provided with further advantages

74. Laminated timbers reduce shakes and splits associated with natural timber finish

75. Where internal finish is also timber ie; MPL or exposed Brettstapel then a high quality finish is provided with further advantages Laminated timbers reduce shakes and splits associated with natural timber finish Therefore no plasterboard required and site waste further reduced

76. Where internal finish is also timber ie; MPL or exposed Brettstapel then a high quality finish is provided with further advantages Laminated timbers reduce shakes and splits associated with natural timber finish Therefore no plasterboard required and site waste further reduced Positive ambience

77. True or False

79. Moisture Mass - natural cell structure of untreated timber absorbs and releases excessive internal moisture.

80. Moisture Mass (natural cell structure of untreated timber absorbs and releases excessive internal moisture High thermal resistance (thermal conductivity of timber is 0.12 to 0.16 W/m.K)

81. Moisture Mass (natural cell structure of untreated timber absorbs and releases excessive internal moisture High thermal resistance (thermal conductivity of timber is 0.12 to 0.16 W/m.K) Timber does not retain any electro-static charge. This is of benefit in particular to allergy sufferers which account for approximately 1:4 of the population.

82. Timber has highest thermal resistance of traditional construction materials with conductivity of 0.12 - 0.16 W/(m.K).

83. High quality insulation material further reduces U vales

84. Timber has highest thermal resistance of traditional construction materials with conductivity of 0.12 - 0.16 W/(m.K). High quality insulation further reduces U vales Combination results in thinner wall thickness to create more energy efficient walls than traditional construction eg; MPL with 150mm Kingspan insulation gives U value of 0.14 with wall thickness of 290mm

85. Timber has highest thermal resistance of traditional construction materials with conductivity of 0.12 - 0.16 W/(m.K). High quality insulation further reduces U values Combination results in thinner wall thickness to create more energy efficient walls than traditional construction eg; MPL with 150mm Kingspan insulation gives U value of 0.14 with wall thickness of 290mm Air tightness (as discussed earlier) improving efficiency further

86. Timber is the most thermal efficient of all traditional construction materials with conductivity of 0.12 - 0.16 W/(m.K) True or False TrueFalse

87. Are you sure? Would you like to try again? Try again

88. Timber is the most thermal efficient of all traditional construction materials with conductivity of 0.12 - 0.16 W/(m.K)

89. Some solid timber buildings including MPL offer a fully recyclable building envelope.

90. In addition enable efficient dismantling at end of the buildings life.

91. Some solid timber buildings including MPL offer a fully recyclable building envelope. In addition enable efficient dismantling at end of the buildings life. Salvaged materials can be re-used, recycled or re-manufactured

92. Some solid timber buildings including MPL offer a fully recyclable building envelope. In addition enable efficient dismantling at end of the buildings life. Salvaged materials can be re-used, recycled or re-manufactured Recovering some of their inherent value.

93. Some solid timber buildings including MPL offer a fully recyclable building envelope. In addition enable efficient dismantling at end of the buildings life. Salvaged materials can be re-used, recycled or re-manufactured Recovering some of their inherent value. Reducing future waste to landfil

94. Carbon Sequestration During its growth each kg of timber will sequester carbon from 1.8kg of CO2 of which approx 75% is released as Oxygen back into the atmosphere

95. Carbon Sequestration During its growth each kg of timber will sequester carbon from 1.8kg of CO2 of which approx 75% is released as Oxygen back into the atmosphere Fire Resistance Solid timber maintains structural integrity better than bare steel or concrete in a fire.

96. During its growth each kg of timber will sequester carbon from 1.8kg of CO2 of which approx 75% is released as Oxygen back into the atmosphere True or False TrueFalse

97. Are you sure? Would you like to try again? Try again

98. In Each 1kg of timber within a building there is a sequestered carbon value of 1.8 CO2

99. Brettstaple Suitable for multi-storey buildings

100. Brettstaple Suitable for multi-storey buildings Potential for use of low grade local timber where manufacturing facilities available

101. Brettstaple Suitable for multi-storey buildings Potential for use of low grade local timber where manufacturing facilities available Options for industrial grade finish

102. Machine Profile Log Logs can be carried manually or mechanically making ideal for sites with restricted access.

103. Machine Profile Log Logs can be carried manually or mechanically making ideal for sites with restricted access. Minimal mechanical handling makes MPL ideal for sites where quiet construction important.

104. Machine Profile Log Logs can be carried manually or mechanically making ideal for sites with restricted access. Minimal mechanical handling makes MPL ideal for sites where quiet construction important. Exposed internal wall log makes ideal where quality internal finish is required.

105. Machine Profile Log Logs can be carried manually or mechanically making ideal for sites with restricted access. Minimal mechanical handling makes MPL ideal for sites where quiet construction important. Exposed internal wall log make ideal where quality internal finish is required. Low cost/quality solution for single or two storey buildings. Popular in educational settings

107. Cross Laminated Timber Suitable for multi-storey construction

108. Cross Laminated Timber Suitable for multi-storey construction Can be specified for industrial/low grade internal finish

109. A quick summary of the points we have learned.

110. Brettstaple Interlocking Log / Machine Profile Log Cross Laminated Timber Each system has its own particular advantages which make it more suited to an individual project.

111. Sustainability of materials Air tightness Speed of construction Low site waste Suitability for sites with restricted access Off Site Pre-Fabrication Potential to loose all wet trades Quality of internal finish Improvement of internal air quality Energy Efficiency Designing for De-Construction

112. Established Independent protocols for verification of material and supply chain sustainability through FSC® or PEFC® certification. Continuous forest renewal improves global air quality as a result of Carbon Sequestration Suitability of timber for recycling/re-use means that there is no waste to landfill

113. Solid timber construction involves tightly fixed timbers which minimise infiltration routes Timber buildings with timber on interior and exterior can reduce infiltration further MPL with appropriate breather membranes can achieve <1m3/hr at 50Pa MPL buildings can achieve Carbon Positive with air tightness at <3m3/hr at 50Pa & a solar array.

114. Solid timber panels or logs are precision engineered off-site and pieced together to create a rapid construction process Labour costs are reduced No Drying/Curing times waiting for concrete/cement/plaster or paint Inconvenience to neighbours reduced as a result

115. WRAP state that offsite manufacture generates up to 80% less waste than traditional construction Less waste = reduced costs of disposal Reduced traffic to/from site No wet trades reduces COSHH waste Neater, tidier and more environmentally friendly sites MPL have recorded as little as 0.3 tonnes to landfill per 100m2 of new build.

116. Pre-fabricated panels or logs can be transported to site on a tele-handler or side loader (depending on size) Machine profile logs and smaller panels can even be manually carried where access is particularly difficult

117. With a little trackway and a sideloader – this narrow access was suitable for an MPL project.

118. Precision Engineering Less waste Less on site machinery / power tools Lower co2 emissions Less noise Safer working conditions Rapid Construction

119. There is no need for cement /plaster /paint to be used on site where exposed timber is final finish on both internal and external walls. Therefore; No wasted time curing/drying/proving No weather delays Reduced Site Waste including COSHH waste Improved Health and Safety

120. Where internal finish is also timber ie; MPL or exposed Brettstapel then a high quality finish is provided with further advantages Laminated timbers reduce shakes and splits associated with natural timber finish Therefore no plasterboard required and site waste further reduced Positive ambience

121. Moisture Mass (natural cell structure of untreated timber absorbs and releases excessive internal moisture High thermal resistance (thermal conductivity of timber is 0.12 to 0.16 W/m.K) Timber does not retain any electro-static charge. This is of benefit in particular to allergy sufferers which account for approximately 1:4 of the population.

122. Timber has highest thermal resistance of traditional construction materials with conductivity of 0.12 - 0.16 W/(m.K). High quality insulation further reduces U values Combination results in thinner wall thickness to create more energy efficient walls than traditional construction eg; MPL with 150mm Kingspan insulation gives U value of 0.14 with wall thickness of 290mm Air tightness (as discussed earlier) improving efficiency further

123. Some solid timber buildings including MPL offer a fully recyclable building envelope. In addition enable efficient dismantling at end of the buildings life. Salvaged materials can be re-used, recycled or re-manufactured Recovering some of their inherent value. Reducing future waste to landfil

124. Carbon Sequestration Each kg of timber locks up 1.8kg of CO2 Fire Resistance Solid timber maintains structural integrity better than bare steel or concrete in a fire.

125. Brettstaple Suitable for multi-storey buildings Potential for use of low grade local timber where manufacturing facilities available Options for industrial grade finish

126. Machine Profile Log Logs can be carried manually or mechanically making ideal for sites with restricted access. Minimal mechanical handling makes MPL ideal for sites where quiet construction important. Exposed internal wall log make ideal where quality internal finish is required. Low cost/quality solution for single or two storey buildings.

127. Cross Laminated Timber Suitable for multi-storey construction Can use low grade timbers Various grades of finish including exposed

129. References www.cabinco.co.uk Library images courtesy of Cabinco Ltd Section drawings courtesy of Cabinco Ltd http://www.brettstapel.org.uk/ http://www.bre.co.uk/filelibrary/pdf/projects/low_impact_materials/IP17_11.pdf http://jp.europeanwood.org/en/building-with-wood/building-systems/solid-wood-panels/ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mid-rise http://www.foam-insulation.co.uk/insulation/thermal-conductivity.htm