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Cells and Their Functions Part 1

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Presentation on theme: "Cells and Their Functions Part 1"— Presentation transcript:

1 Cells and Their Functions Part 1
Chapter 3 Cells and Their Functions Part 1

2 The Role of Cells Cytology is the study of cells
Basic unit of all life Have all characteristics of life Organization Metabolism Responsiveness Homeostasis Growth Reproduction Can live independently of other cells

3 Cell Structure All animal cells share the following structures:
Plasma Membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Cytoplasm Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Vesicles Centrioles Cilia Flagellum

4

5 Encloses cell contents Participates in cellular activities
Plasma Membrane Encloses cell contents Participates in cellular activities Bilayer structure Phospholipids Cholesterol Carbohydrates Proteins – a variety of functions

6 Check for understanding

7 Largest organelle in a cell Chromosomes Nucleolus
The Nucleus Largest organelle in a cell Chromosomes Nucleolus The Cytoplasm Material that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane Contains most of the cell’s organelles

8 Organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes (in ER or cytoplasm)
Network of membranes between nuclear membrane and plasma membrane Rough (with ribosomes) Sorts proteins and makes simple into complex Smooth Makes fats/lipids Ribosomes (in ER or cytoplasm) Makes Proteins Mitochondria (large folded membranes) Energy to run the cell ---ATP

9 Golgi Apparatus(stack of membranous sacs)
Sort and modify proteins and package for export from cell Lysosomes Digestive enzymes that remove waste and foreign material (old cells, break down nutrients) Peroxisomes Enzymes to destroy harmful substances produced in metabolism, also drugs and alcohol Vesicles Bubbles for storage and move things in/out of cell Centrioles Function in cell division by organizing the cell

10 Structures projecting from the cell surface used for motion Cilia
Surface Organelles Structures projecting from the cell surface used for motion Cilia Flagellum Microvilli

11 Individual cells vary widely Size Shape Function
Cellular Diversity Individual cells vary widely Size Shape Function

12 Check for understanding

13 Cell Function Cells have two basic functions: Protein Synthesis
Transcription Translation Cell Division DNA Replication

14 Protein Synthesis The cell’s genetic material contains the information needed to make proteins DNA and RNA (Nucleic Acids) have similar structures Four nucleotides Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) in DNA or uracil (U) in RNA Sugar Deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA Phosphate Nitrogen base

15 DNA in a cell occurs mainly in chromosomes
Genes are subdivisions of chromosome Genes code for the building of amino acids Amino acids form together to create proteins

16 Chromosomes—Genes---------DNA Segment---------Nucleotide

17 DNA vs. RNA Location: nucleus
Composition: Nucleotides: Adenine, Guanine, cytosine, or thymine Structure: Double Stranded helix by nucleotide pairing A-T;G-C Makes up chromosomes, hereditary units that control all cell activities; divided into genes that carry nucleotide codes to make proteins Cytoplasm Nucleotides: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil Single Strand Manufacture proteins according to codes carried in DNA; three types messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA)

18 Check for understanding

19 The Role of RNA Protein synthesis
Transcription – copying the genetic code in the nucleus and taking those instructions to the endoplasmic reticulum Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transcription video Translation – taking the instructions from the mRNA and creating amino acids, as well linking them together to create proteins Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Translation Video

20 Transcription. animation

21 RNA Types Messenger RNA (mRNA)-built on a strand of DNA and takes the message to the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- makes up ribosome, where protein synthesis happens and helps translate the message Transfer RNA (tRNA)-works with other forms of RNA to translate the genetic code into protein; each molecule of tRNA carries an amino acid that can build a protein at the ribosome

22 Translation. animation

23 Check for understanding

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