1. NUCLEIC ACIDS

2. There are two main types of Nucleic Acids: RNA and DNA

4. DNA is composed of subunits called nucleotides, and each nucleotide is a molecule made up of three basic parts: DNA is composed of subunits called nucleotides, and each nucleotide is a molecule made up of three basic parts: 1. A sugar called deoxyribose 1. A sugar called deoxyribose 2. A phosphate group 2. A phosphate group 3. A nitrogen base 3. A nitrogen base A, T, C or G A, T, C or G Nitrogen bases deoxyribose Phosphate group

6. The four nitrogen bases that make up the nucleotides of DNA are The four nitrogen bases that make up the nucleotides of DNA are Adenine Adenine Cytosine Cytosine Guanine Guanine Thymine Thymine

7. The nitrogen base adenine only combines with thymine, and cytosine only combines with guanine. The nitrogen base adenine only combines with thymine, and cytosine only combines with guanine. The nitrogen bases are positioned opposite each other and are held together by weak hydrogen bonds. The nitrogen bases are positioned opposite each other and are held together by weak hydrogen bonds. These form what are known as base pairs. These form what are known as base pairs. Base pair

8. DNA is a double strand, spiral shaped molecule called a double helix. DNA is a double strand, spiral shaped molecule called a double helix. The outside of the double helix is made out of a phosphate group and a sugar (deoxyribose). The outside of the double helix is made out of a phosphate group and a sugar (deoxyribose). The inside of the double helix is made out of nitrogen bases held together by weak hydrogen bonds. The inside of the double helix is made out of nitrogen bases held together by weak hydrogen bonds.

9. What is the difference between DNA, Chromatin & Chromosomes? It is all found in the nucleus.

11. Nucleotides are made of 1) a sugar, 2) a phosphate group, & 3) A nitrogen base (A, C, T or G) DNA is made of Nucleotides DNA then wraps around proteins called Histones to form a Nucleosome Nucleosomes then are packaged into a thread known as Chromatin by twisting and bonding. Your cells nucleus contains chromatin, unless it is preparing to divide. When a cell prepares to divide, Chromatin then loops and coils around itself to form a Chromosome.

12. Watch one more time.

14. It is the process by which DNA makes an exact copy of itself. It is the process by which DNA makes an exact copy of itself. It starts by the hydrogen bonds breaking between the nitrogen bases. It starts by the hydrogen bonds breaking between the nitrogen bases.

15. In this sense, the DNA molecule “unzips”. In this sense, the DNA molecule “unzips”. When it completely “unzips”, you have two single strands of DNA. When it completely “unzips”, you have two single strands of DNA. New bases

16. Nucleotides will then form from base pairs with the single strands of DNA. Nucleotides will then form from base pairs with the single strands of DNA. You will end up with 2 exact copies of DNA. You will end up with 2 exact copies of DNA.

19. RNA is also composed of subunits called nucleotides, and each nucleotide is a molecule made up of three basic parts: RNA is also composed of subunits called nucleotides, and each nucleotide is a molecule made up of three basic parts: 1. A sugar called ribose 1. A sugar called ribose 2. A phosphate group 2. A phosphate group 3. A nitrogen base 3. A nitrogen base A, U, C or G A, U, C or G Nitrogen bases deoxyribose Phosphate group

21. RNA’s nucleotides contain a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose), and a nitrogen base. RNA’s nucleotides contain a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose), and a nitrogen base. In RNA, the nitrogen bases are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil (A, C, G & U U replaces T ) In RNA, the nitrogen bases are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil (A, C, G & U U replaces T ) Adenine combines with uracil and cytosine combines with guanine. Adenine combines with uracil and cytosine combines with guanine. RNA is single stranded. RNA is single stranded.

22. RNA is the nucleic acid that acts as a messenger between DNA and the ribosomes and carries out the processes by which proteins are made from amino acids. RNA is the nucleic acid that acts as a messenger between DNA and the ribosomes and carries out the processes by which proteins are made from amino acids.

23. There are three types of RNA: mRNA tRNA rRNA messenger RNA is copy of part of the DNA that serves as a “blueprint” to create a specific protein(s). ribosomal RNA combines with proteins to form a ribosomal complex which is the location where the new proteins are created. transfer RNA carries a specific amino acid (based on what the mRNA requires) to create a specific protein(s).

25. It is the process by which a section of DNA (a gene) is copied into a single strand of RNA. This single strand of RNA is called messenger RNA (mRNA). It is the process by which a section of DNA (a gene) is copied into a single strand of RNA. This single strand of RNA is called messenger RNA (mRNA). The DNA molecule “unzips” just as in the process of replication. The DNA molecule “unzips” just as in the process of replication. RNA nucleotides will then form base pairs on a single strand of DNA. RNA nucleotides will then form base pairs on a single strand of DNA.

26. The mRNA then breaks off the DNA strand and leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm moving towards the ribosomes. The mRNA then breaks off the DNA strand and leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm moving towards the ribosomes.

27. Replication and Transcription occur inside the nucleus of the cell. Translation occurs outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm at a specific location called a ribosome. Most of the ribosomes are found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

29. It is the process by which mRNA will combine with amino acids to form proteins. It is the process by which mRNA will combine with amino acids to form proteins. The mRNA will first combine with a ribosome. The mRNA will first combine with a ribosome. tRNA

30. Then transfer RNA (tRNA) which is also produced from a DNA strand, will bond with an amino acid out in the cytoplasm. Then transfer RNA (tRNA) which is also produced from a DNA strand, will bond with an amino acid out in the cytoplasm. The tRNA will then carry the amino acid towards a ribosome to attach with mRNA to form a protein. The tRNA will then carry the amino acid towards a ribosome to attach with mRNA to form a protein. tRNA will contain an anticodon. tRNA will contain an anticodon. An anticodon is made up of three nitrogen bases that combine with mRNA. An anticodon is made up of three nitrogen bases that combine with mRNA.

32. mRNA will contain several codons. mRNA will contain several codons. A codon is also a combination of three nitrogen bases. A codon is also a combination of three nitrogen bases. These are the sites where tRNA will attach to mRNA. These are the sites where tRNA will attach to mRNA.

36. The End