1. African Kingdoms GHANA (p.159-61) Where? Foundation of the Empire Religious and Cultural Changes Influence of Islamic Beliefs Ghana Under Attack SONGHAI (p.167-9) Where? Songhai Expands Askia Muhammad Askia’s Organization Songhai Falls MALI (p.165-7) Where? Sundiata Comes to Power Mansa Musa Expands Empire Decline: Internal Problems Decline: External Problems SHONA/ZIMBABWE (p.187-9) Where? Shona Empire Great Zimbabwe/Great Enclosure Gold and Trade Decline of Great Zimbabwe

2. African Kingdoms GHANA (p.159-61) Where? Foundation of the Empire Religious and Cultural Changes Influence of Islamic Beliefs Ghana Under Attack SONGHAI (p.167-9) Where? Songhai Expands Askia Muhammad Askia’s Organization Songhai Falls MALI (p.165-7) Where? Sundiata Comes to Power Mansa Musa Expands Empire Decline: Internal Problems Decline: External Problems SHONA/ZIMBABWE (p.187-9) Where? Shona Empire Great Zimbabwe/Great Enclosure Gold and Trade Decline of Great Zimbabwe SUMMARIZE: condense main points into fewest words possible

3. GHANA (p.159-61) Where? West A frica Foundation of the Empire Ghana g ained wealth b y t axing trade a nd demanding tributes. Religious and Cultural Changes Berbers s pread Islam a nd t aught Arabic t o G hana. Influence of Islamic Beliefs Muslims u sed Arabic t o h elp gain a nd strengthen j obs i n the g overnment a nd change l aws. Ghana Under Attack Almoravids declared w ar o n Ghana, w hich damaged t rade a nd led t o G hana ’ s decline.

4. MALI (p.165-7) Where? West Africa Sundiata Comes to Power Sundiata captured Ghana and expanded trade, made a legend. Mansa Musa Expands Empire Took control of Mali and spread empire and Islam on hajj. Decline: Internal Problems People rebelled and Songhai took independence. Decline: External Problems Berbers attacked trade and captured territory.

5. SONGHAI (p.167-9) Where? West Africa Songhai Expands Sunni Ali conquered the Berbers and Mali. Askia Muhammad Askia Muhammad took throne and controlled the salt mines. Askia’s Organization Askia created provinces with governors, directors, and spread Islam. Songhai Falls 1580s Morocco raided Songhai and captured Timbuktu.

6. SHONA/ZIMBABWE (p.187-9) Where? Southern Africa Shona Empire Located in the plains, Zimbabwe means “houses of stone.” Great Zimbabwe/Great Enclosure Center trade routes and greatest settlement (looks like necklace). Gold and Trade Center of gold trade and taxed the people en route. Decline of Great Zimbabwe By 1500s it was abandoned and not sure why.