1. Growth hormone deficiency and human immunodeficiency virus
Vincenzo Rochira, MD PhD, Giovanni Guaraldi, MD 
Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 
Volume 31, Issue 1, Pages (February 2017)
DOI: /j.beem
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2. Fig. 1
Reliability of GHRH + Arg test in the diagnosis of GHD in HIV infection, according to different cutoffs of serum GH peak. The yellow box shows the best segregation between HIV (black circles) and controls (white circles) obtained for serum GH peak cutoffs of 7.5 and 8.0 μg/L. The blue box show the distribution of normal response to the GHRH + Arg test in HIV and control groups. Modified from Zirilli et al., EJE 2012 [38]. GHRH: growth hormone releasing hormone; Arg: arginine; GHD: growth hormone deficiency; GH: growth hormone; HIV: immunodeficiency virus.
Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism  , DOI: ( /j.beem )
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3. Fig. 2
Percentages according to gender of HIV-infected patients who fail to reach different cutoffs of GH peak response to GHRH + Arg. GH: growth hormone; GHRH: growth hormone releasing hormone; Arg: arginine; HIV: immunodeficiency virus; reproduced with permission from Brigante et al., 2014 [39].
Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism  , DOI: ( /j.beem )
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4. Fig. 3
Outline of serum GH response to GHRH + Arg in terms of both GH peak and AUC in healthy subjects (A), HIV-infected patients (B), and hypopituitary patients with proved diagnosis of GHD (C). The response of HIV-infected patients is in the between from normal and hypopituitary patients and is consistent with a condition of biochemical partial GHD [55,56]. GH: growth hormone; GHRH: growth hormone releasing hormone; Arg: arginine; AUC: area under the curve; HIV: immunodeficiency virus; GHD: growth hormone deficiency; min: minutes.
Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism  , DOI: ( /j.beem )
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 4
Schematic representation of the GH secretory pattern in healthy subjects, HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy, and obese patients: GH pulse amplitude, but not the pulse frequency was lower in HIV-infected men than in healthy men. These changes are different from that observed in obese men who have reduced pulse frequency. GH: growth hormone; HIV: immunodeficiency virus.
Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism  , DOI: ( /j.beem )
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6. Fig. 5
A. Unitary model for the pathogenesis of GHD in HIV based on the main role exerted by fat redistribution. GH: growth hormone; GHRH: growth hormone releasing hormone; Arg: arginine; FFA: free fatty acids. B. Multifactorial model for the pathogenesis of GHD in HIV. HIV: immunodeficiency virus; GH: growth hormone; FFA: free fatty acids; HAART: highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism  , DOI: ( /j.beem )
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions