1. Say Hi! To your family tree….

3. Bonobos…. Walking?

4. Day 3
D.3.5: Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.
D.3.6: State that, at various stages in hominid evolution, several species may have coexisted.

5. Trends in skull shape Anatomical Feature Ape-like form
Human –like form
Position of foramen magnum
Towards the back of the skull
Towards the center of the skull
Cranial capacity
Small
Large
Canine teeth
Long and sharp
Short and dull
Molars
Long and narrow
Short and wide
Brow ridge
Protruding
Flat
Face below brow
jaw
Tall and thick
Small and thin

6. Small cranial capacity (brain size indicator)
Long and sharp canines
Short and dull canines

8. Hominid (human-like) Fossils
Ardipithecus ramidus ( mya)
Australopithecus afarensis (4-2.5 mya)
Australopithecus africanus (3-2.5 mya)
Homo hablilis ( mya)
Homo erectus (1.8 million-100,000 ya)
Homo neanderthalenis (200,000-30,000 ya)
Homo sapiens (140,000 – present)

9. Hominid (human-like) Fossils
Ardipithecus ramidus ( mya)
Close to the human chimp common ancestor.
Chimpanzee-like with hominid canines and possibly bipedal.

10. Hominid (human-like) Fossils
Australopithecus afarensis (4-2.5 mya)
Canines became smaller and pelvis structure indicates possible bipedalism, still had a projecting face, cranial capacity cm³.

11. Drawing depicting differences in teeth
Australopithecus
Chimp

12. Hominid (human-like) Fossils
Australopithecus africanus (3-2.5 mya)
Compared to afarensis it had a larger cranial capacity ( cm³) and smaller teeth. Still had the protruding jaw and strong possibility of bipedalism.

14. Hominid (human-like) Fossils
Homo hablilis ( mya)
Flatter face than australopithecus with similar cranial capacity (600cm³)
Chimp

15. Hominid (human-like) Fossils
Homo erectus (1.8 million-100,000 ya)
Small jaw, receding forehead, large brow ridges, cranial capacity 1000cm³.
Migratory with remains found in both Europe and Asia. Also first to use fire.

16. Hominid (human-like) Fossils
Homo neanderthalenis (200,000-30,000 ya)
Small jaw, a lower forehead, smaller brow ridges, and smaller molars, and had large brains(1600cm³)
Coexisted with modern man.
Neanderthal
Modern Human

17. Neanderthal
Homo Sapien

18. Homo Sapien (modern human)
High forehead, no brow ridges, flat face, very small jaw, cranial capacity 1300cm³.
We still share characteristics with primates.
Cave of Altamira (38,000 BCE)

19. Fertility Statues
35,000 BCE
25,000 BCE
20,000 BCE

20. Homo neanderthalenis???

22. Coexistence of hominid species

24. Key Points Day 3 D.3.5: Trends in human evolution include:
Movement of the foramen magnum towards the base of the skull (indicates bipedalism)
Increasing cranial capacity (indicated greater intelligence)
A reduction of teeth size (canines and molars) as well as jaw size.
Less facial protrusion and reduced brow ridges.
**** You need to know details about each hominid!