1. English Grammar
Parts of
Speech

2. Nine Parts of Speech articles Interjections Nouns Verbs Pronouns
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions

3. A NOUN is a word that names
A Person (Proper)
A Place (Proper)
A Thing (Common)
An Idea, feeling (Abstract)
A collection of things (collective)
A combination of two things (compound)

4. Some clues
You can identify a noun (and pronoun) if it is preceded by a, the, a preposition (to, by, with) a possessive adjective (his, their, her)
Common endings for nouns:
-ness,- tion, -y, -ment, -eity, -er, trix, tive, ory,

5. You can make nouns out of the following words
dominate
domination
confess
confession
referee
Referee / reference
excite
excitement
happy
happiness
correct
correction
deliberate
Deliberation.

6. A word that expresses action or expresses a state of being
The Verb
A word that expresses action or expresses a state of being
Verbs of
being
Action
Verb of
doing

7. Every sentence must have
a finite verb

8. Kinds of Verbs Action verbs express mental or physical action.
‘Verbs to be’ make a statement by connecting the subject with a word that describes or explains it.
He rode the horse to victory.
He is Dutch.

9. Am, is , are, were, was, have been, will be ,
REMEMBER!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Am, is , are, were, was, have been, will be ,
WHEN THEY ARE ALONE, ARE ALL FINITE VERBS (they are only auxiliary verbs when they exist with another verb in a sentence)

10. He, she, I, who, they, we, are always subjects
TO FIND A SUBJECT ASK “WHO” OR “WHAT” BEFORE THE VERB.
JOHN RODE HIS BICYCLE
“WHO” OR “WHAT” RODE THE BICYCLE?
ANSWER = JOHN
JOHN IS THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE
He, she, I, who, they, we, are always subjects

11. THE FINITE VERB A SUBJECT NUMBER TENSE (SINGULAR OR PLURAL)
THE FINITE VERB MUST HAVE:
A SUBJECT
NUMBER
(SINGULAR OR PLURAL)
TENSE
(PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE)

12. He schemes about over throwing the government
INTRANSITIVE VERBS
Do not take a direct object.
He schemes about over throwing the government
Transitive verbs take a direct object
He schemes with Simon about trying to overthrow the government
SIMON IS THE DIRECT OBJECT!

13. Superham might have helped us if he had been quick enough
AUXILIARY VERBS
Auxiliary verbs help to form the main verb. They give the TENSE TO THE VERB.
May, might, should, could, will, shall, have, had, can, could have, should have
Superham might have helped us if he had been quick enough

14. The MOOD OF THE VERB Indicative Imperative Subjunctive
Expresses fact or provides information
Imperative
Expresses instructions or commands
Subjunctive
Is used when something is unlikely or to express a wish, doubt or uncertainty

15. The Pronoun The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.
It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea.
Personal
Pronouns
I, me, mine
you, your, yours
she, her, hers,
we,us, our, ours
it, its
they, them, their,
theirs
myself
yourself
Indefinite Pronouns
Anybody
Each
everyone
none
someone, one, etc.
Demonstrative Pronouns
this
that
these
those
Interrogative Pronouns
who
whom
what
which
whose
Relative Pronouns
That, who, which

16. The Adjective Which? What kind? How many? Answers these questions:
Qualifies or describes a
noun or pronoun.
Answers these questions:
Did you lose your address
book?
Which?
Is that a wool sweater?
What kind?
Just give me five minutes.
How many?

17. Types of Adjectives
Descriptive adjective (what kind?) – describe the noun
Proper adjective – proper nouns used as adjective
Adjectives of quantity (how many?) – two/many/several/few children
Adjective of order (position) – he came first/second/third in the race
Demonstrative adjective (which one?) - this/that book
Possessive adjective (belonging to) – my/his/her/our computer
Interrogative adjective (which one?) – which/what/whose lesson
Compound adjective – adjectives joined by a HYPHEN

18. The Adverb How? When? Where? Modifies or describes
a verb, an adjective,
or another adverb.
Answers the questions:
How?
He ran quickly.
When?
She left yesterday.
We went there.
Where?
It was too hot!
To what degree or how much?

19. The Preposition A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun
or a phrase or clause functioning in the sentence
as a noun. The word or word group that the
preposition introduces is its object.
They received a postcard from Bobby telling
about his trip to Canada.

20. The preposition never stands alone!
noun
object of
preposition
preposition
pronoun
object
You can press those leaves under glass.
preposition
can have more than
one object
Her telegram to Nina and Ralph brought good news.
object can have modifiers
It happened during the last examination.

21. TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS Co-ordinating, conjunctions Sub-ordinating
The relative
pronoun used
as a
conjunction

22. Co-ordinating conjunctions
And, but, yet, or, nor
The happy and rich man danced and he raised a glass of champagne.
Joins two things that are alike.

23. Subordinating conjunctions
if, when, though, although, then, after, because, so that, even, unless
The clown will fall because he is not in a stable position.
Links two clauses of unequal status

24. The interjection is an exclamatory word that expresses emotion
Goodness! What a cute baby!
Wow! Look at that
sunset!