1. Human resources management

2. Management and leadership
Managers are an important group involved in business activity. They may have, according to Henry Mintzberg, some roles.
Interpersonal roles (or representation role)
Information roles
Decision-making roles
Managers face some decisions or barriers in home market, and totally different barriers or decisions in international markets.

3. Some suggest that managers are not the same with leaders
Some suggest that managers are not the same with leaders. Leaders may perform the same functions, but in addition they may do the following:
Leaders can be visionaries
Leaders tend to be good to carry the change process
Leaders can be excellent at motivating others
There are many leadership styles, we may mention:
Delegating leadership
Participating or supporting leadership
Coaching or selling leadership
Telling or directing leadership

4. Human Resources department
Recruitment and selection
Wages and salaries
Industrial relations
Training programmes
Health and safety
Redundancy and dismissal

5. The recruitment process
The first stage of the recruitment process is to carry out a job analysis to study the tasks and activities to be carried out by the employee.
Once all of these details about the job have been gathered, a job description will be produced.
Once a job description has been drawn up, the qualifications and qualities necessary to undertake the job can be specified. This list of desirable and essential requirements for the job is called job specification (level of education, experience, special skills, personal characteristics, particular aptitude)

6. Advertising the vacancy
Internal recruitment
It saves money and time
The person already knows the organization
The person already knows what is expected from employees
It could be very motivating for other employees to see their fellow workers being promoted
The vacancy may be advertised on a company noticeboard, or, if the business is large, in a company newspaper.
External recruitment
Brings new ideas and experience into the organization
The vacancy may be advertised in local newspapers, national newspapers, specialist magazines and journals, recruitment agencies, on specialized websites.

7. A job advertisement will require the applicant to apply in writing
A job advertisement will require the applicant to apply in writing. This can either be by requesting, and then filling in, an application form, or by writing a letter of application and enclosing a curriculum vitae.
The applicants who are short-listed are invited for interview. Interviews are still the most widely used form of selection. Interviews can be one-to-one, two-to-one or a panel of people to interview the applicant.
When the suitable applicant has been offered the job and has accepted it, the unsuccessful applicants should be informed that they have not got the job and thanked for applying.

8. Training
Employees should be clear about the benefits of the training or they will not work hard and take the training seriously.
Training is usually trying to achieve one or more of the following:
Increase skills
Increase knowledge
Change people’s attitudes (e.g. customer service)
Introduction training
On-the-job training
Off-the-job training

9. Motivation at work Managers can motivate their employees as follows:
Financial rewards (wages, time rate, salaries, bonuses, profit sharing, performance related pay)
Non-financial rewards (health care paid for, company car and phone, free trips abroad, holidays, discount on the firm’s products)
Introducing ways to give job satisfaction (opportunities of promotion, good working conditions, chance for training, status of the job)

10. Maslow’s pyramid

11. Measuring the effectiveness of the workforce
Labour productivity
Absenteeism rate
Labour turnover

12. The communication process
Communication is very important within an organisation, between the management and workers, or between peers.
Formal communication
Informal communication
Vertical communication (between managers and employees)
Lateral communication (between people at the same level)
Nowadays people within organisations get used to communicate a lot trough internet and intranet.

13. Questions What is meant by a trade union? When it can be used?
Explain why a large business might face more communication problems than a small one.
Compare the advantages of recruiting internally with recruiting externally.
Briefly explain the legal constraints on recruitment.
State some ways in which a business might reduce rates of absenteeism.
Why does a business carry out interviews as part of the process of selecting staff?
What is the difference between job description and job specification?