1. UNIT 1 VOCABULARY

2. UNIT I – GROUP 1 VOCAB 2

3. Group 1 1. Conservative – person who believes in less government, lower taxes, strong national defense, and more personal responsibility. 2. Direct democracy – type of gov characterized by citizens attending town meetings and voting on issues raised, with the majority prevailing. 3. Elite/class theory – group theory that revolves around economic classes of society controlling the policy agenda. 4. Government – institutions that create public policy. 5. Hyperpluralism – group theory that contends that groups are so strong that it weakens the gov, which gives in to the groups. 6. Liberal – person who believes in greater government intervention, higher taxes, and a smaller military. 7. Linkage institution – means by which individuals express preferences regarding development of public policy. Ex: political parties, media, etc. 3

4. Group 1 8. Loose construction – liberal interpretation of the Constitution 9. Pluralism – group theory that involves different groups all vying for control of the policy agenda. No single group emerges, forcing groups to compromise. 10. Policy agenda – agenda that results from the interaction of linkage institutions. 11. Politics – who get what, when, how, and why 12. Public policy – final actions taken by gov in promotional, regulatory, or distributive form. 13. Representative democracy – form of gov that relies on the consent of the people. 14. Strict constructionists – belief in a conservative interpretation of the Constitution. 4

5. UNIT I, GROUP 2

6. Group 2 1. Anti-federalists – led by Jefferson, one of the first political parties, urged rejection of the Constitution. Represented the common people. 2. Articles of Confederation – first adopted constitution of the United States, weak central gov, only used from 1781-89. 3. Connecticut Compromise – offered at the Constitutional Convention, created a bicameral legislature (one house based on population, one house based on statehood) 4. Consent of the governed – derived from doctrine of natural rights, puts authority in the people’s hands. 5. Constitution – basic framework of government, Supreme law of the land. 6. Declaration of Independence – blueprint for the American Revolution, espoused ideas such as natural rights. 7. Democratic Republicans – led by Jefferson, believed in a more limited role of the central gov. 8. Federalist Papers – written by Jay, Hamilton, and Madison urging the adoption of the Constitution. Argued for three separate branches to prevent tyranny of the majority. 9. Federalist Party – led by Hamilton, made up of the upper class, supported a strong national gov.

7. Group 2 10. Great Compromise – created a bicamerial legislature, settled debate on representation based on population size or equal representation. 11. Limited government – restricts the power of gov especially in the area of rights. 12. Natural rights – part of John Locke’s philosophy, life, liberty, and property are God given rights. 13. New Jersey Plan – proposed legislature based on equal representation by the states. 14. Second Treatise of Civil Government – written by Locke, contains blueprint for DOI principles 15. Shays’ Rebellion – catalyst for the replacement of the Articles of Confederation and a stronger central gov. 16. Three-Fifths Compromise – offered at Constitutional Convention, counted every 5 slaves as 3 people for representation purposes. 17. Unalienable rights – life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, derived from natural rights. 18. Virginia Plan – urged delegates to create legislature based on state population size. 19. Bicameral legislature – two-house legislature

8. UNIT I, GROUP 3

9. Group 3 1. Checks and balances – key aspect of Constitution, protects balance of power between three branches. 2. Concurrent power – powers shared by state and federal government (taxing) 3. Elastic clause – Article I, Section 8, give Congress power to make “all law necessary and proper” to carry out defined powers. 4. Electoral college – presidential electors from each state, based on population, they cast the ‘real’ votes for president. 5. Enumerated powers – delegated powers of Congress (taxing, common defense, general welfare, coining money, declaring war, regulating interstate commerce) 6. Ex post facto laws – laws that take effect after the act takes place, Congress can’t do this. 7. Federalism – overall division of power between the federal and state governments. 8. Full Faith and Credit – states will respect the legality of laws, public records, and judicial decisions made in other states.

10. Group 3 9. Implied power – Constitutional powers that are not listed or delegated (Elastic Clause) 10. Inherent power – assumed powers not specifically listed in the Constitution. 11. Judicial review – derived from Marbury v. Madison, gives SC power to interpret the Constitution and the acts of other branches and the states. 12. Preamble – introduction to the Constitution, listed the goals. 13. Privileges and immunities – guarantees rights of a citizen in one state will be respected by other states. 14. Recess appointment – presidential appointment when Congress is not in session, usually occurs when there would not be enough votes for Senate confirmation. 15. Separation of powers – developed by Montesquieu, resulted in the three branches of the US gov. 16. Supremacy clause – “the Constitution, and the laws of the United States…shall be the supreme law of the land.” 17. Writ of habeas corpus (You have the body) - commands an individual who has restrained another to produce the prisoner so that the court can determine the legality of custody.

11. UNIT I, GROUP 4

12. Group 4 1. Block grants – form of fiscal federalism where federal aid is given to the states with few strings attached. 2. Categorical grants – include project and formula grants and aim at assisting states in areas such as health, income security, and education. 3. Commerce clause – Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the Constitution. Gives Congress the authority to regulate interstate commerce and trade with other countries. 4. Competitive federalism – began under Nixon, stressed downsizing of the federal gov and more reliance on revenue sharing and grants. 5. Cooperative federalism – began under New Deal, characterized by the fed gov become more intrusive in what were traditional state powers. 6. Devolution – political theory of returning power to the states.

13. Group 4 7. Dual federalism – relationship between the federal gov and states where the federal gov’s powers are defined as delegated and the states powers are reserved. 8. Fiscal federalism – funding is appropriated by the federal go to the states with specific conditions attached (mandates) 9. Funded mandates – regulations passed by Congress or issued by regulatory agencies to the states with federal funds to support them. 10. Unfunded mandates – regulations passed by Congress or issued by agencies to the states without federal funds to support them. 11. Layer cake federalism - federalism characterized by a national gov exercising its power independently from state gov. 12. Marble cake federalism – also known as cooperative federalism. 13. McCulloch v Maryland – 1819 case that established the principle that the federal gov was supreme over the state.