2. Chapter 27 Outline DISEASES I.Non- Infectious – can not be passed from organism to organism II.Infectious – can be passed from organism to organism

3. Non-Infectious Diseases Caused By Genetics – Inherited or mutation of bases Cancer, hemophilia, MD, MS, Juvenile Diabetes Life Choices –Smoking – cancers, emphysema, heart disease –Inactivity - Type II diabetes, heart diseases Environment –Lack of vitamins or minerals – low vitamin C causes scurvy –Location – living near power lines, nuclear plants

4. Infectious Diseases Caused by Pathogens Bacteria –Bubonic Plague –Dental Cavities –Pneumonia –Lyme disease –Typhoid Fever –Cholera Viruses –Colds –Influenza –Measles –Mumps –Rubella –Small & Chicken pox –Polio –AIDS

5. Air – sneezing, coughing Transmitted By Contaminated Objects – keyboards, doorknobs Person to Person – handshake, kissing Animal Contact – playing with or getting bit by animal infected with pathogen Food & Water – eating or drinking foods or swimming in water infected with pathogen

6. Controls Pasteurization – Uses heat to control bacteria in dairy, meats and eggs Developed by Louis Pasteur – “Father of Bacteriology” Refrigeration – Uses cold temperatures to slow bacteria growth Salting – Dehydrates bacteria through osmosis Heating – Uses high temperatures to kill bacteria

7. Antibiotics – inhibit bacteria growth & reproduction by damaging cell membrane &/or DNA Controls Edward Jenner developed 1 st vaccine, for small pox, in 1775 Polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk (1950’s) Modern vaccines use dead or weakened pathogen Vaccines – Help build immunity to viral infections

8. DEFENSES Non-Specific – Skin – Oils, flake off removing pathogen Mucous Membrane - ear wax, sweat, tears, saliva White Blood Cells – ingest or destroy invaders Platelets – seal open wounds Fever – Slows the growth of pathogens Helps T-cells & B-cells reproduce

9. Immune System Macrophages Engulf or eat pathogen or dead cells Small piece of pathogen stuck to cell surface – antigen Activate T-cells T-Cells Helper T-cells Activated by antigens Aid in attacking pathogen Activate Killer T-cells Killer T-cells Destroy any cell marked with antibody

10. An Antibody’s shape matches a Pathogen

13. Immune System B-cells Activated by Helper T- cells Produce antibodies –Proteins that attach to specific pathogen –Act as markers for killer T-cells and macrophages Helper B-cells Initial contact – 2-weeks to create antibody Memory B-cells Help remember specific antibody for each pathogen 3-4 days to make antibody

14. Challenges Allergies – Immune system overreacts to non- harmful antigens Symptoms – runny nose, itchy eyes, asthma Allergens - foods, medicines, dust, dander, pollen

15. Challenges Autoimmune Diseases Immune system attacks own body cells Confuses body cells and pathogen Includes – Lupus, AIDS, Rheumatoid arthritis, MS, Cancers, Type 1 Diabetes

16. Autoimmune Diseases Cancers – Body cells divide out-of- control Invade nearby tissue (mastitis) Enter cardiovascular & lymph system Disrupt function of invaded cells and organs Chemotherapy & Radiation; Surgery

17. Autoimmune Diseases AIDS – Acquired Immune-deficiency Disease Caused by HIV (Human Immuno-deficiency Virus) Viruses multiply quickly and are fought off by immune system Some Virus remains; fought off by immune system – sometimes for years HIV attacks T4-cells; low T4-cell count = AIDS Some antiviral cocktails help slow down disease – No Cure