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Education in a Changing Society Chapter One (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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The Reality of Social Change Two major social changes affecting education are taking place: Changes in demographics Changes in social institutions (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Demographics in Transition Three factors resulting in changing demographics: High immigration rates High birthrates among some segments of the population The population is aging (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Institutions in Transition A social institution is a formal, recognized, established, and stabilized way of pursuing some important activity in society. Social institutions provide rules, or social norms, that become internalized in individuals. When institutions change, so do the norms they provide. (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Changes in Institutions In today’s world, all social institutions are experiencing fundamental change: Economics—globalization Politics—new alignments of nations Family—new forms of family life Religion—rise of fundamentalism in all world religions (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Changes in Economics and Politics Economically, there has been a shift from: Loyalty to a single company to loyalty to one’s own self-interest A national to a global focus Politically, there has been a shift from: Political interest within our own borders to interest in political events around the world (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Changes in the Family More women are in the workforce The divorce rate is high More families are in poverty New family “forms” are becoming common (e.g., single-parent families, blended families) More intermarriage between ethnic and religious groups (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Changes in Religious Organizations Immigrants are bringing unfamiliar religions and religious ideas to the society Various “new age” religious affiliations are emerging There is a rise in fundamentalist religious groups in all major religions (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Schools as a Reflection of Social Change Changing demographics among students Increasing numbers of children whose first language is not English Increasing inclusion of children with disabilities in classrooms Increasing attention to differential treatment of boys and girls in classrooms (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Limited English Proficiency Most Potentially English Proficient (PEP) students speak Spanish The United States is the fifth largest Spanish-speaking country in the world More than half of PEP students are in grades K–4 and more than three- quarters are poor (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Inclusion Legal support for inclusion: Public Law 94-142, Education of All Handicapped Children Act (1975) Amendments to P.L. 94-142, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA; 1990, 1992, 1997) More children with disabilities being educated side by side with children without disabilities (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Gender and Schooling While girls have not been thought to be educationally different from boys, their experiences in school are often very different Research demonstrates that what is good for boys in school is not necessarily good for girls Title IX sought to eliminate discrimination on the basis of sex (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Students and Teachers: A Clash of Cultures? Increasingly, the student population in schools is a multicultural one, while the population of teachers remains much as it has always been: white, middle class, and predominantly female—in short, monocultural. This can create something of a clash of cultures between students and teachers. (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Rethinking Schools and Learning As society changes, schools must also change to accommodate new needs Thus, there is a national movement for school reform Reform efforts aimed at “leaving no child behind” through testing and accountability (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Schools in Transition In education, we are experiencing a shift from: Schools that educate an elite, to schools that educate everyone to the same standard Schools that emphasize rote learning, to schools that emphasize critical thinking Schools that emphasize teaching, to schools that emphasize learning (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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The Root Causes of Change New circumstances in the society in which schools are embedded 19 th –20 th Centuries: Schools reflected the needs of an emerging industrial society 20 th –21 st Centuries: Schools are changing to reflect the needs of an emerging information society (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Classrooms for an Industrial Age Futurist Alvin Toffler calls the industrial age a “Second Wave Civilization”; characteristics of classrooms for this era include: Standardization Synchronization Specialization Centralization Large scale (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Standardization in a classroom might be demonstrated by: All teachers are certified by standard criteria Teachers and students dress according to a district- wide standard dress code Textbooks and/or a course of study are the same for all students in grade level or subject Student performance is judged by standardized tests For the most part, students work individually Students compete for grades, awards, etc. (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Synchronization in a classroom might be demonstrated by: Class periods are of equal length; so are times between class periods Each subject is taught on a regular basis, usually—but not always—daily The school day is planned and coordinated according to a regular schedule The school year is planned in advance (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Specialization in a classroom means that: Subjects are divided by disciplines; there is little interdisciplinary study Teachers, administrators, clerical, and support staff have differentiated roles Ancillary personnel (e.g., nurses, counselors, etc.) also have specific and differentiated roles (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Centralization means that many policy decisions are made at the district level Centralized decisions are often made about: Curriculum Budgets Purchasing Attendance Discipline Scheduling (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Large scale means that, in general, “bigger is better” This tendency toward large scale can be seen in: Large districts Large buildings Large auditoriums Large bands Large football stadiums (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Classrooms for an Information Age Toffler names the present information age, a “Third Wave Civilization.” Characteristics of classrooms for this era include: Individualization and choice Collaboration Diversity Decentralization Small scale (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Individual choice may mean that: Within a broad range of standards, teachers and students may make decisions about curriculum and pedagogy; Students and teachers may make decisions about learning activities; and Students and teachers may set classroom rules to produce an effective learning environment (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Collaboration in such a classroom might look like this: Teachers across subject areas and disciplines might plan lessons and units together Parents and community members might be actively involved in classroom activities Groups of students might often be found working together on projects and lessons (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Diversity in the classroom might look like this: Students of different ages may be working together Students of differing abilities may be working together Students and teachers may be acting in multiple roles Students and teachers may be incorporating multiple disciplines in their work Students may be of differing cultural backgrounds (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Decentralization often means school-based decision making: Called site-based management, school- based decision making may involve: Setting learning goals Planning the school budget Setting attendance policies Developing dress codes Hiring new teachers and other personnel (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Small scale means more face-to- face interaction: Classes are smaller Everyone knows everyone else Students work with a variety of adults Adults work with a variety of students It is easier to develop really meaningful learning communities and a sense of belonging for everyone (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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As schools move through this transitional period, remember: Change is difficult Human beings often react to change with hostility Human beings often react to change by resisting it New circumstances often mean new opportunities; it’s up to you... (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Ideological Perspectives on Multicultural Education Attention to differences among students is not new The nature of the differences to which we must attend is broadening Multicultural education is becoming less a matter of differences within the United States and more a global phenomenon (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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A New Role for Teachers To recognize social and cultural change To understand culture, learning, and the culture-learning process To be able to improve intergroup and intragroup interactions To transmit intercultural understanding and skills to students (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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The Importance of Stories Stories help a person visualize and talk about new ideas and experiences Stories often “speak to” complex human experiences Stories help us to see the universality of common experiences (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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Something to Think About “The illiterate of the twenty-first century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn.” —Alvin Toffler (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cushner/McClelland/Safford, Human Diversity in Education, 5/e
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