1. Church and State Conflict in Colonial Latin America

2. Reading Quiz #3 on The Mission 1. This film represents many important conflicts in Colonial Latin America. Explain one of those conflicts. Cite specific examples from the film with names to support answer.

3. A. How did the church get so much power? Bull of 1486: the Patronato responsibility to present to all bishoprics and ecclesial benefices in Granada… Why? King was the vicar of Christ during Reconquista… 1501 Bull: collect tithes in Indies 1508: Patronato regularized for Americas 1574: Ordenanza del Patronazgo… ??? B&J p. 111 Royal Patronage

4. Royal Patronage, Patronato Real Monarchs to convert indigenous people and support colonial church. Control tithe income Control tax on agriculture and livestock prod. Sustain ecclesiastical hierarchy Sustain ecclesiastical facilities and activities Founding of churches, convents, hospitals Appointment and payment to ecclesiastics Clerics needed royal license to sail to Americas Council of Indies inspected all papal docs. For infringements on Crown’s patronage Portuguese “Padroado”

5. B. Church in Indies: missionary and teaching church Religious orders would take a lead in the work of evangelization Evangelical efforts Conflicts between mendicants and secular clergy (Regular Orders vs. Secular Priests) TP: Explain the differences between them

6. Missionary Church Serious conversion efforts began in 1520 New Spain 1. Eliminate outstanding evidences of paganism 2. End power and influence native priests mostly accomplished first generation 3. Emphasized based features of Christianity Mass baptism, sacramental instruction End result was synchretisms??? How do we know? Inga Clendinnen, Ambivalent Conquests

7. Mission work Missionaries traveled town to town Consolidacion system implemented Parochial system later developed Upper class Indians who resisted were punished Whipping, imprisonment, execution Services in town in large churches Churches dominated by 17 th Century Day of town’s patron saint was great festival Saints days: bleeding, sweating, talking, healing Guadalupe and Copacabana: Indian pilgrimage sites Virgen de Caacupe in Paraguay another example…

8. C. The Secular Clergy Mature colonial: bishoprics in major settlements By 1650s, huge vaulted stone basilicas, with imposing staffs of dignitaries Large tithe incomes Ecclesiasticals closely tied to local populations Large lay associations, ordained clerics Prominent families sent sons off to church… Why?

9. D. The Religious Orders Original orders: Augustinians, Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits

10. Jesuit Missions in La Plata

11. E. Internal Church Conflicts SG: What opportunities for conflict can you envision within the colonial church?

12. Conflict example: Juan Perez de la Serna, archbishop of Mexico 1613-24 Vs. Viceroy Carrillo de Mendoza

13. Further Conflicts Crown used the bishops to control missionary church; they came at first from regular clergy Of 159 bishoprics in Indies 1504-1620, 52 were run by Dominican Order Diocese: first in Santo Domingo in 1504 Panama 1513; 14 by 1536 1620: 35 archbishoprics and bishoprics Clashes between bishops and viceroys constant through colonial periods Use of Jesuit Guarani troops to control settlers in La Plata throughout 18 th Century

14. F. Cofradias or Religious Fraternities (Brotherhoods) Funeral Societies Minor savings and loan institutions Guild artisans members Cofradias built funds Communal religious ceremonies Fees to priests and bishops on visitas

15. G. The Inquisition Used at first against Jewish people and Heretics Bishops used inquisition to control settlers and indigenous people 1536-1543, 4,500 natives tortured in New Spain, 158 died By 1571 native people removed from power Tribunals established 1570 in Peru, 1571 N. Sp. Conflict with secular, regular clergy, episcopate Fragmented character of religious authority

16. Targets of the Inquisition At first tageted synchretism, native victims Inga Clendinnen, Ambivalent Conquests -- Yucatan Far from Iberia, denied control over Indians Tended to lack clients in Americas Cases of crypto-Jews or Protestants rare Deviant behavior: blasphemy, sorcery, bigamy, censor books

17. H. Saints of the Indies Mostly socially marginal church leaders St. Rosa of Lima (d. 1617) St. Martin de Porres (d 1639 mulatto heritage)

18. Conclusions? The Catholic Church in early Colonial Latin America Main points…?