1. QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

2. RESEARCH STRATEGY IDENTIFICATION RESEARCH PROBLEM RESEARCH PURPOSE RESEARCH QUESTIONS ISSUES TO BE EXPLORED APPROPRIATE TECHNIQUES

3. OVERVIEW OF QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS Data Collection Data display Data reduction Conclusions: drawing / verifying (Miles & Huberman, 1984; 1994)

4. INTERACTIVE PROCESS OF DATA ANALYSIS Data collection Data display Reflection on data Data coding Generation of key themes and analysis Research conclusions Data distillation (reduction)

5. Content Analysis According to Dr. Klaus Krippendorff (1980 and 2004), at least 4 questions must be addressed in every content analysis: 1.Which data are analyzed? 2.What is the population from which they are drawn? 3.What are the boundaries of the analysis? 4.How are the data defined?

6. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS (Dey,1993) describing Classifying Connecting

7. Qualitative analysis as an iterative spiral Dey, 1993

8. DATA ORGANISATION (Miles & Huberman, 1994) DEVELOP MATRICES : VISUAL IMAGES OF INFORMATION 1. Making the tables – video recording, tape recorder, field notes 2. Visual representing themes & their relations Figures in boxes to indicate the processes, time sequence, evolution of themes

9. Data Analysis Procedures Data analysis is an eclectic process (Tesch,1990) 1.Occurs simultaneously and iterative with data collection, data interpretation and report writing (Creswell, 2002; Miles & Huberman, 1984) 2.Is based on the on data reduction and interpretation (Marshall & Rossman, 1989; Tesch, 1990)

10. Data Analysis Procedures 3.Represents information in matrices - displays of information, spatial format that presents information systematically to reader (Miles and Huberman, 1984) A I page example of this must be placed in this chapter eventually Display categories … 4.Identifies the coding procedure to be used to reduce information to themes / categories (Read Tesch, 1990, pp142-145).

11. Data Analysis Procedures 5. Represents information in matrices - displays of information, spatial format that presents information systematically to reader (Miles and Huberman, 1984) A I page example of this must be placed in this chapter eventually Display categories … 6. Identifies the coding procedure to be used to reduce information to themes / categories (Read Tesch, 1990, pp142-145). 7. Find the patterns and relationship

12. Data categories

13. Read text data Divide text into segments of information Code segments Reduce Codes Collapse codes into themes Many pages of texts Many segments of texts 30 – 40 codes Codes reduced to 20 Codes reduced to 5 -7 themes CODING PROCESS (Creswell, 2002) (Matrix example)

14. Coding example Which category will you erase?

15. Description of Data Analysis (Matrix example) Initial data analysis Major and minor topics Theme 1Theme 2Theme 3Theme 4 Final interpretation In your analysis chapter you would present a diagram such as this at the beginning but with actual contextual material to illustrate the flow of your analysis. You would “flag” this overview in your Design chapter and refer specifically to it Stage 1 Data collection, display reflection Stage 2 Data coding & distillation Stage 3 Generation of key themes Stage 4 Story report & conclusions

16. Data Collection Techniques Stages for Data Collection (Matrix example) Exploratory Phase Step 1:Displaying the data into tables/charts Step 2a:Counting the frequency Step 2b:Counting the data frequency for:  The most used  The least used  patterns Individual In-depth Interviews Focus Groups Step 3:Interview selected sample Step 4:Focus groups at universities and colleges Step 5:Analyse data collected in step 3 and 4 Step 6:Interview selected officials, professional translators, professional/target readers, non- target readers Documentary & Final analysis Step 7:Analyse primary sources Step 8:Analyse secondary sources Step 9:Content or Document analysis Step 10Final analysis

17. Assignment Research problem(s) Research question(s) Review of related literature Data collection Data analysis Reference *Note that your paper (proposal) must follow the standard writing system