1. SEMANTICS ??? aardvark SEMANTICS ??? aardvark

2. SEMANTICS: word and sentence meaning. PRAGMATICS: speaker meaning. The semiotic triangle:

3. bachelor[+ male, -married, +??? ] spinster[-male, -married, +???] mother[+female, adult +???] sister[+female, +daughter of, +sibling, + ???] who[+ human] which[- human] Semantic features: ‘plus’/’minus’, [±... ]

4. Semantic roles Agent = the instigator of an action Theme (Patient) = the undergoer of an action, affected by the action Instrument = the tools used to carry out an action Experiencer = usually a subject NP subjected to a state/feeling Source = the starting point of an action Goal = the goal of an action Location = place / location

5. Mary broke the window with a stone We picked flowers in the garden John is sad.

6. Lexical relations

9. ANIMAL (superordinate term) DOG CATHORSE ( co-hyponyms) spaniel,terrier, sheepdog…)

11. PRAGMATICS

12. The study of intended speaker meaning, “invisible meaning”. We have to add knowledge of the world in order to understand fully what is said.

15. Direct and indirect speech acts

16. Indirect speech acts - Could you please close that window? - It’s cold in here! - Why is that window open? - BRRRR! - You could get pneumonia in here!  close the window!

17. Negative face: the need to be independent (I know you’re busy, but…). Positive face: the need to belong, be a member of a group (Let’s meet up for a coffee after the seminar!) Politeness

18. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

21. The co-operative principle: Grice’s maxims Make your contribution such as is required by the present direction of the conversation. Quantity1) Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose). 2) Do not make your contribution more informative than required. QualityTry to make your contribution one that is true. 1) Do not say what you believe to be false. 2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate information.

22. RelationBe relevant. MannerBe perspicuous. 1) Avoid obscurity of expression. 2) Avoid ambiguity. 3) Be brief. 4) Be orderly.

23. Conversational implicatures Additional conveyed meaning based on background knowledge. This information has to be inferred. Example: A: Is John back yet? B: The pub is still open.