1. Himawari Products for Asian Dust Monitoring by JMA Daisaku Uesawa Meteorological Satellite Center (MSC) Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) 1 2nd Japan-Australia GEO-LEO Applications Workshop, Tokyo, Japan, 1 September 2016

2. Himawari Products for Asian Dust Monitoring Images – VIS, IR brightness temperature difference – RGBs True Color Dust Physical parameter – AOD RGB compositing techniques offer the possibility of compressing multispectral information content for optimum visualization, while at the same time preserving pattern and texture of cloud and surface features as well as continuity in the time domain (WMO, 2007) These Himawari products are produced by JMA/MSC and provided to JMA/Atmospheric Environment Division (AED) for monitoring ‘Kosa’ (a Japanese word for Asian dust or Aeolian dust) at JMA. 2

3. Natural ColorDay Microphysics Dust Airmass Night Microphysics Day Snow-FogDay Convective Storm True Color Available at http://www.data.jma.go.jp/mscweb/data/himawari/index.htmlhttp://www.data.jma.go.jp/mscweb/data/himawari/index.html RGBs from Himawari-8 AHI 3

4. True Color Reproduction (TCR) Image Atmospheric Correction – To make the imagery more vivid – Rayleigh scattering correction (Miller et al., 2016) Green Correction – Optimally adjusted using Band 2, 3 and 4 taking into account various type of Earth surface (Vegetation, Soil, Water, etc.) Color Conversion – Adjustment for output devices (i.e. computer display) – RGB chromaticity is converted to sRGB (an international standard for RGB color space). Enhancement – Scaled log-linearly and generally brighten (Miller et al., 2016) Available at http://www.data.jma.go.jp/mscweb/data/himawari/index.htmlhttp://www.data.jma.go.jp/mscweb/data/himawari/index.html References: Murata, 2016: Himawari-8 True Color Reproduction Image, http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/satellite/ra2wigosproject/documents/RA_II_WIGOS_Newsletter_Vol7_No2.pdf Miller, S., T. Schmit, C. Seaman, D. Lindsey, M. Gunshor, R. Kohrs, Y. Sumida, and D. Hillger, 2016: A Sight for Sore Eyes - The Return of True Color to Geostationary Satellites. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00154.1 2016/05/08 05:00UTC NEW! TCR imagery was developed on the basis of collaboration between the JMA/MSC and the NOAA/NESDIS GOES-R Algorithm Working Group imagery team. 4

5. True Color vs True Color Reproduction (Simple) True Color RGB simply composing AHI's band 3 (0.64 um), band 2 (0.51 um) and band 1 (0.47 um) as RGB primary colors; w/o atmospheric correction True Color Reproduction Around Hokkaido area (northern part of Japan) on 08 May 2016 at 0500UTC. Both RGBs are provided to JMA/AED for Asian dust monitoring 5 Dust emitted from Tokachi field Smoke haze transported from Siberia

6. Dust RGB Image RGB:B15(IR12.4)-B13(IR10.4)/B13(IR10.4)-B11(IR8.6)/B13(IR10.4)(Lensky and Rosenfeld, ACP, 2008) Utilizing dust particle’s optical property difference between AHI bands Useful to identify dust storm (‘Kosa’) Available day and night Animation is quite helpful (advantage of GEO satellite) 6

7. Himawari-8 AOD by JMA/MSC Aerosol optical depth (AOD) products based on satellite data are used by the JMA/AED to monitor dust events in East Asia. An AOD algorithm for Himawari-8 developed by JMA’s Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) was introduced into JMA/MSC (Uesawa, 2016). Himawari-8 AOD retrieved by JMA/MSC for 06 UTC 18 May 2016. 7

8. AOD at 0.5 um is estimated over clear sky areas – Using MSC cloud mask product (Imai and Yoshida, 2016) Method: Look Up Table AHI bands of LUTs – Ocean: Band 3 （ 0.64 um ） and Band 4 （ 0.86 um ） – Land: Band 3 （ 0.64 um ） and Band 6 （ 2.3 um ） As the aerosol type is assumed to be Asian dust for the LUTs, the algorithm is not optimized for other aerosol types (e.g., smoke haze). Himawari-8 AOD by JMA/MSC Product Processing Uesawa, 2016: Aerosol Optical Depth Product derived from Himawari-8 data for Asian Dust Monitoring, Meteorological Satellite Center Technical Note, 61, 2016. 8

9. [Ocean] AOD and Ångström index (a proxy for particle size) are simultaneously retrieved from LUTs using band 3 (0.64 um) and band 4 (0.86 um) reflectance observations of Himawari-8 AHI. [Land] AOD and the surface reflectance of band 6 (2.3 um) are simultaneously retrieved from LUTs using band 3 and 6 reflectance observations of AHI. The surface reflectance of band 3 is determined as a function of that of band 6 in the LUT. Himawari-8 AOD by JMA/MSC Look-Up Table sample tau=0 tau=5.12 tau=2.56 tau=1.28 ang=-0.046 ang=1.886 ang=0.595 Theoretical relationship between reflectances of Himawari-8 AHI band 3 and 4 over ocean for various aerosol loading conditions. AOD (denoted as tau) = 0.000, 0.020, 0.040, 0.080, 0.160, 0.320, 0.640, 1.280, 2.560, and 5.120; Angstrom index (denoted as ang) = 1.886, 1.529, 1.235, 0.988, 0.777, 0.595, 0.435, 0.294, 0.169, 0.056, and -0.046; Solar zenith angle = 30.43, satellite zenith angle = 38.23, and relative azimuth angle = 120. (The settings of LUT calculation basically follow Mano et al. 2009. See Uesawa 2016.) 9

10. AOD comparison with Sun photometer 1/2 April 2016 Ryori (39.03N, 141.82E) Minamitorishima (24.28N, 153.98E) Period: 1-30 April 2016 (0900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, and 1500 JST). AOD data from sun photometer (provided by JMA/AED) is one-hour averaged. Himawari AOD data is from ocean GPV nearest to the location of sun photometer. Himawari YN Sun- phot omet er Y5517 N2135 Himawari YN Sun- phot omet er Y9919 N1180 10

11. Ishigakijima (24.34N, 124.16E) (Ocean) Himawari YN Sun- phot omet er Y2715 N10157 Himawari YN Sun- phot omet er Y2814 N16151 AOD comparison with Sun photometer 2/2 April 2016 Period: 1-30 April 2016 (0900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, and 1500 JST). AOD data from sun photometer (provided by JMA/AED) is one-hour averaged. Himawari AOD data is from ocean (left) or land (right) GPV nearest to sun photometer. 11 Ishigakijima (24.34N, 124.16E) (Land)

12. Aeolian dust advisory information (calling public attention to potential traffic hazards) JMA has been providing ‘Kosa’ (a Japanese word for Aeolian dust or Asian dust) information based on numerical forecasts and surface observations since January 2004. Aeolian dust monitoring and advisory service at JMA Basic information (These images are published on JMA web site) Supporting information (Monitoring data for internal use) SATELLITE IMAGES True color RGB Dust RGB IR BT difference Aerosol Optical Depth Angstrom Exponent DUST PREDICTION DUST OBSERVATION 12

13. Aeolian dust monitoring and advisory services at JMA --- A significant dust event in late April 2016 --- DUST PREDICTION Aerosol part of the Earth System Model 13

14. DUST PREDICTIONDUST OBSERVATION Aeolian dust monitoring and advisory services at JMA --- A significant dust event in late April 2016 --- 14

15. DUST OBSERVATION Aeolian dust monitoring and advisory services at JMA --- A significant dust event in late April 2016 --- 2016_04_21 06UTC METEOROLOGICAL WEATHER CHART 15

16. Aeolian dust monitoring and advisory services at JMA --- A significant dust event in late April 2016 --- SATELLITE IMAGES (Simple) True Color Dust RGB 2016_04_21 00UTC2016_04_21 01UTC2016_04_21 02UTC2016_04_21 03UTC2016_04_21 04UTC2016_04_21 05UTC2016_04_21 06UTC2016_04_21 07UTC2016_04_21 08UTC2016_04_21 09UTC2016_04_21 10UTC2016_04_21 11UTC2016_04_21 12UTC2016_04_21 13UTC2016_04_21 14UTC2016_04_21 15UTC2016_04_21 16UTC2016_04_21 17UTC2016_04_21 18UTC2016_04_21 19UTC2016_04_21 20UTC2016_04_21 21UTC2016_04_21 22UTC2016_04_21 23UTC2016_04_22 00UTC 16

17. Aeolian dust monitoring and advisory services at JMA --- A significant dust event in late April 2016 --- Aerosol model forecasted dust flowing over Japan from 23 to 25 April. Sand storms were reported around the source area around Gobi desert on 21 April. From satellite images, some dust hot spots were clearly seen on 21 April. JMA released information on the Aeolian dust event to the public on 23 April. Aeolian dust was extensively observed at stations in Japan from 23 to 26 April. 17

18. Summary JMA/MSC produces Himawari products for monitoring dust events (‘Kosa’). – Images (incl. RGBs) and AOD JMA/AED issues ‘Kosa’ advisory information to the public based on numerical forecasts and surface observations. – Satellite products are currently used as supportive information to issue advisory information. 18