1. Sep 20, 2010 1 10/2/2016 6:52 PM CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials1 CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials by ENGR M.ABBAS QURESHI

2. Sep 20, 2010 2 BRICKS Presented by: Engr. Bilal Iftikhar April 27, 2010 Civil Engineering Materials CE-115 Department of Civil Engineering Swedish College of Engineering And Technology, Wah Cantt

3. Sep 20, 2010 3 CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS (CE-115) INCTRUCTOR:Engr.Bilal Iftikhar Phone (0321)6895077 iranabilal@yahoo.com OFFICE:Staff Room TEXT BOOK: Engineering Materials by Surrendra Singh Engineering Materials by R. K. Rajput REFERENCE BOOK: Material of Construction by R.C. Smith Building Materials by S. K. Duggal Materials of Constructions by ZH Syed

4. Sep 20, 2010 4CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials4 Building Materials Building stones Bricks and clay products Cement concrete Timber and wood products Metals and alloys Paints, varnishes, distempers Asphalt, bitumen and tar Plastics and fibers Glass Asbestos, adhesives and abrasives

5. Sep 20, 2010 5CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials5 Bricks and Clay Products

6. Sep 20, 2010 6CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials6 Clay Products –Bricks –Tiles –Fire clays and fire bricks –Terracotta –Earthenware –Clay pipes Bricks –Block of tampered clay or ceramic material molded to desired shape and size, sun dried and if required burnt to make it more strong, hard and durable

7. Sep 20, 2010 7CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials7 Bricks Commonly it is rectangular in shape –Length = twice width of brick + thickness of mortar –Height = multiple of width of brick –Usual size available in Pakistan is 8¾ x 4¼ x 2 ¾ inches to make it 9 x 4.5 x 3 inches with mortar –Indian Standard size 19 x 9 x 9 cm and 19 x 9 x 4 cm to make it 20 x 10 x 10 cm and 20 x 10 x 5 cm with mortar Bricks are most common form of structural clay products; others being tiles, pipes, terracotta, earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain

8. Sep 20, 2010 8CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials8 Historical Development Began as low walls of stones or caked mud Sun-dried bricks - With the availability of fire became burnt bricks Invention of kilns made mass production of bricks easy Limestone turned into lime mortar replaced mud as mortar In Mesopotamia, palaces and temples were built of stone and sun-dried bricks in 4000 B.C. The Egyptians erected their temples and pyramids of stones by 3000 B.C. By 300 B.C., Greeks perfected their temples of limestone and marble Romans made the first large-scale use of masonry arches and roof vaults in their basilica, baths and aqueducts

9. Sep 20, 2010 9CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials9 Historical Development Medieval and Islamic civilizations perfected masonry vaulting to a high degree of development - Islamic craftsmen built palaces, markets, and mosques of bricks and often faced them with brightly glazed tiles Europeans built fortresses and cathedrals using pointed vaults and flying buttresses In America and Asia other cultures were building with stones During industrial revolution, machines were developed to quarry and cut stones, mould bricks, and speed the transportation of these materials to site of building Portland cement came into wide use and this enabled the construction of masonry building of greater strength and durability

10. Sep 20, 2010 10CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials10 Historical Development Late in 19th century tall buildings were built, of steel and reinforced concrete (pored into simple forms), economically Development of hollow concrete forms in 19th century averted the extinction of masonry as a building material - Cavity wall, developed by the British during the earlier part of the 19th century also contributed to the survival of masonry as a building material This facilitated the introduction of thermal insulation High strength mortars, high-strength masonry units, and complex shapes of masonry units extended the use of masonry for buildings

11. Sep 20, 2010 11CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials11 Historical Development Through the mid-1800s –Primary Building Materials Late 1800s –New Products Developed –Ended Masonry’s Dominance 20th Century Developments –Steel Reinforced Masonry –High Strength Mortars –High Strength Masonry Units –Variety of Sizes, Colors, Textures & Coatings

12. Sep 20, 2010 12 10/2/2016 6:52 PM CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials12 Adobe Spanish-American name applied to sun-dried brick and to the clay soil from which the brick is made Adobe soil is composed of very fine mixture of clay, quartz, and other minerals Adobe soil has great plasticity when moist, but when dry is so coherent that tillage is almost impossible Soil is used combined with straw, molded and baked in sun for 7 to 14 days Used in regions of low rainfall and dampness

13. Sep 20, 2010 13CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials13 Civil Engineering Uses Construction of exterior and interior walls, partitions and boundary walls Construction of piers, abutments Construction of footings Construction of miscellaneous load bearing structures

14. Sep 20, 2010 14CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials14 Classification of Bricks Bricks Sun Dried Katcha Un Burnt Burnt Pucca PracticeUsageFinishManufactureBurningStrength

15. Sep 20, 2010 15CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials15 Classification of Bricks Sun Dried, Un-burnt or Kacha Bricks –After molding dried in sun, and are used in the construction of temporary structures which are not exposed to rains. Burnt or Pucca Bricks –Burnt in an oven called kiln to provide strength and durability

16. Sep 20, 2010 16CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials16 Classification of Burnt Bricks Burnt Bricks Practice 1 st Class 2 nd Class 3 rd Class 4 th Class Usage Common Brick Facing Brick Engg Brick Finish Sand Faced Rustic Manufacture Hand Made Machine Made Burning Pale Bricks Under Burnt Body Bricks Well Burnt Arch Bricks Over Burnt Strength Class A Class B Classes 350 to 35

17. Sep 20, 2010 17CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials17 Classification of Burnt Bricks Field Practice First Class Bricks –Thoroughly burnt, deep red, cherry or copper color –Straight edges, square corners, smooth surface –Free from flaws, cracks, stones and nodules –Uniform texture & ringing sound –No scratch marks with fingernails –Water absorption 12-15% of dry weight in 24 hours –May have only slight efflorescence –Crushing strength not less than 10.5 N/mm 2 –Recommended for pointing, exposed face work, flooring and reinforced brick work

18. Sep 20, 2010 18CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials18 Classification of Burnt Bricks Field Practice Second Class Bricks –Small cracks and distortions permitted –Water absorption 16-20% of dry weight allowed –Crushing strength not less than 7.0 N/mm 2 –Recommended for all hidden work and centering of RBC Third Class Bricks, Pilla Bricks –Under burnt, Soft and light colored producing dull sound –Water absorption 25% of dry weight –Recommended for temporary structures Fourth Class Bricks, Jhama, Khingar –Over burnt and badly distorted in shape and size –Brittle in nature –Ballast of these bricks used for foundation and floors and as road metal

19. Sep 20, 2010 19CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials19 Classification of Burnt Bricks Strength Based Classes –350 (35 N/mm 2 )125 (12.5 N/mm 2 ) –300 (30 N/mm 2 ) 100 (10 N/mm 2 ) –250 (25 N/mm 2 ) 75 (7.5 N/mm 2 ) –200 (20 N/mm 2 ) 50 (5 N/mm 2 ) –175 (17.5 N/mm 2 ) 25 (2.5 N/mm 2 ) –150 (15 N/mm 2 ) Sub Classes –Subclass A. Tolerance 0.3% in dimensions –Subclass B. Tolerance 0.8% in dimensions Heavy Duty. Compressive strength > 40 N/mm 2

20. Sep 20, 2010 20CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials20 Classification of Burnt Bricks Basis of Usage –Common Brick. General multi-purpose –Facing Brick. Good appearance, color, textured, durable under severe exposure –Engineering Bricks. Strong, impermeable, smooth and hard Basis of Finish –Sand Faced Brick. Textured surface by sprinkling sand inside mold –Rustic. Mechanically textured finish

21. Sep 20, 2010 21CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials21 Classification of Burnt Bricks Basis of manufacturing method –Hand Made. Hand molded –Machine Made. Wire cut, pressed and molded bricks Basis of Burning –Pale Bricks are under burnt –Body Bricks are well burnt in central portion of kiln –Arch Bricks are over burnt. Also called clinker

22. Sep 20, 2010 22CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials22 Comparison of Stones and Bricks Stone –Natural material –Heavier –High dressing cost –Costly except in hilly areas –Less porous, good for hydraulic structures –Greater strength –Better heat conductor –Weather resistant –Superior quality stone is monumental and decorative Bricks –Manufactured from clay –Lighter –Moldable to any shape –Cheaper except in hilly areas –More porous, needs water proof treatment –Reasonable for normal loads –Poor heat conductor –Needs pointing and plastering –Architectural effect is achievable

23. Sep 20, 2010 23CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials23 Ingredients of Good Brick Earth Brick earth is formed by the disintegration of igneous rocks. Potash feldspars, orthoclase or microcline yield clay minerals which decompose to yield kaolinite, a silicate of alumina. On hydration it gives a clay deposit Al 2 O 3. 2H 2 O called kaolin. Alumina or clay20-30% by weight Silica or sand35-50% by weight Silt20-35% by weight Remaining ingredients 1-2% by weight –Lime (CaO) –Magnesia (MgO) –Iron oxides –Alkalis (Sodium potash, etc) Water

24. Sep 20, 2010 24CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials24 Ingredients of Good Brick Earth Silica, Sand – Present as free sand or silicate. Its presence in clay produces hardness, resistance to heat, durability and prevents shrinkage and warping. Alumina – Fine grained mineral compound. Moldable plastic when wet, becomes hard, shrinks, warps and cracks when dry. Lime – Acts as binder for brick particles. Reduces shrinkage when present in small amount, excess causes the brick to melt and lose shape.

25. Sep 20, 2010 25CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials25 Ingredients of Good Brick Earth Magnesia – Provides darker yellow color with iron. Usually less than 1%. Iron Oxide – Helps fusion of brick and provides light yellow to red color to brick. Should not be present as iron pyrites

26. Sep 20, 2010 26CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials26 Ingredients of Good Brick Earth Harmful Substances –Lime in excess or in lumps and pebbles, gravel, etc –Iron Pyrites –Alkalis in excess –Organic Matter –Carbonaceous Materials Additives –Fly Ash – silicates help in strength development –Sandy Loam – controls drying of plastic soil –Rice Husk Ash – controls excessive shrinkage –Basalt Stone Dust – modifies shaping, drying & firing

27. Sep 20, 2010 27CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials27 Operations in Manufacturing of Bricks Preparation of Brick Earth –Un-soiling –Digging –Weathering –Blending –Tempering Molding of Bricks Drying of Bricks Burning of Bricks

28. Sep 20, 2010 28 10/2/2016 6:52 PM CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials28 Preparation of Brick Earth Un-soiling – Removal of top 20 cm organic matter and freeing from gravel, coarse sand, lime etc Digging – additives spread, soil excavated, puddled, watered and left over for weathering Weathering – heaps left for one month for oxidation and washing away of excessive salts in rain Blending – sandy earth and calcareous earth mixed in right proportions with right amount of water Tempering – kneading of blended soil with feet or with a pug mill to improve plasticity and homogeneity

29. Sep 20, 2010 29CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials29 Pug Mill

30. Sep 20, 2010 30 10/2/2016 6:52 PM CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials30 Manufacturing of Burnt Bricks Molding – giving right shape –Hand molding Ground molding. Molded on sand. No frog in bricks Table molding. Molded on stock boards with frog –Machine molding Plastic method or Stiff-Mud process. Molded stiff clay bar cut by wire into brick size pieces. Structural clay products Dry Press method. Moist powdered clay fed into machine to be molded into bricks. Roof, floor and wall tiles Drying – Removing 7-30% moisture present during molding stage. This controls shrinkage, fuel and burning time. Natural open air driers in shades

31. Sep 20, 2010 31CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials31 Brick Molds

32. Sep 20, 2010 32CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials32 Table Molding

33. Sep 20, 2010 33CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials33 Plastic Molding

34. Sep 20, 2010 34CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials34 Strikes

35. Sep 20, 2010 35 10/2/2016 6:52 PM CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials35 Extruded – Wire CutExtruded – Smooth Wood Mold Extruded – Raked

36. Sep 20, 2010 36CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials36 Method of Drying Bricks

37. Sep 20, 2010 37CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials37 Manufacturing of Burnt Bricks Burning Stages –Dehydration (400-650 °C). Water smoking stage in which water from pores driven off –Oxidation (650-900 °C). Carbon eliminated and ferrous iron oxidized to ferric form. Sulphur is removed –Vitrification (900-1250 °C). Mass converted into glass like substance Incipient vitrification. Clay just softens to adherence Complete vitrification. Maximum shrinkage Viscous vitrification. Soft molten mass, loss in shape, glossy structure on cooling

38. Sep 20, 2010 38CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials38 Manufacturing of Burnt Bricks Clamp or Pazawah Burning –Alternate layers of bricks and fuel encased in mud plaster. –Fuel consists of grass, cow dung, litter, wood, coal dust –Brick layer consists of four to five courses of brick –25,000 to 100,000 bricks in three months cycle Kiln Burning –Intermittent kiln. Loaded, fired, cooled and unloaded before next loading –Continuous kiln. Bricks are loaded, fired, dried and cooled simultaneously in different chambers. Example: Bull’s trench kiln and Hoffman’s kiln

39. Sep 20, 2010 39CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials39 Clamp or Pazawah

40. Sep 20, 2010 40CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials40 Intermittent Kiln

41. Sep 20, 2010 41CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials41 Hoffman’s Continuous Kiln

42. Sep 20, 2010 42CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials42 Bull’s Trench Kiln

43. Sep 20, 2010 43CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials43 Bull’s Trench Kiln

44. Sep 20, 2010 44CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials44 Characteristics of Good Bricks Size and shape – uniform size, rectangular surfaces, parallel sides, sharp straight edges Color – uniform deep red or cherry Texture and compactness – uniform texture, fractured surface should not show fissures, holes, grits or lumps of lime Hardness and soundness – not scratch able by finger nail. Produce metallic ringing sound Water absorption – should not exceed 20% wt Crushing strength – not less than 10.5 N/mm 2 Brick earth – free from stones, organic matter

45. Sep 20, 2010 45CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials45 Special Forms of Bricks a.Round ended brick b.Cant brick c.Splay brick d.Cornice brick e.Compass brick f.Bull nosed brick g.Perforated brick h.Hollow brick i.Coping brick j.Plinth level brick k.Split brick (Queen closer) l.Split brick (King closer)

46. Sep 20, 2010 46CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials46 Specially Shaped Bricks

47. Sep 20, 2010 47 10/2/2016 6:52 PM CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials47

48. Sep 20, 2010 48CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials48 Testing of Bricks Dimension Test. Sample size 50. 20 pieces selected to determine length, width and height tolerances. Compressive strength Test. Sample prepared from smooth, parallel face, brick is soaked 24 hours and stored under damp jute bags for 24 hours followed by further immersion in water for three days. Load applied @ 14 N/mm per minute till failure. Maximum load at failure divided by average area of bed face gives compressive strength.

49. Sep 20, 2010 49CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials49 Testing of Bricks Absorption Test. –24 hours immersion cold water test. Dry bricks oven dried at 105° ± 5° C Room temperature cooled bricks weighed W 1 Bricks immersed in water at 27° ± 2° C for 24 hrs Soaked bricks weighed W 2 Water absorption in % = (W 2 – W 1 )/W 1 x 100 –Five hours boiling water test Oven dried bricks weight W1 Bricks immersed in water and boiled for 5 hours and then cooled down at room temperature in 16-19 hours Cooled down weight as W3 Water absorption in % = (W 3 – W 1 )/W 1 x 100

50. Sep 20, 2010 50CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials50 Testing of Bricks Efflorescence Test. Ends of brick kept in 150 mm dia porcelain/glass dish containing 25 mm deep water at 20°–30°C till all water is absorbed –Nilimperceptible efflorescence –Slightdeposit covers area < 10% of exposed area –Moderatedeposit covers exposed area 10% to 50% –Heavydeposit covers exposed area > 50% –Seriousdeposits are heavy and powder or flake away the surface

51. Sep 20, 2010 51CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials51 Defects of Bricks Over-burning. Burnt beyond complete vitrification Under-burning. Burnt less not to cause complete vitrification Bloating. Spongy swollen mass over the surface due to excess carbonaceous matter and sulphur Black Core. Due to bituminous matter or carbon Efflorescence. Grey of white crystallization of alkalis on the surface, due to water absorption Chuffs. Deformation due to rainwater falling or hot bricks Checks or Cracks. Due to lumps of lime getting in contact with water Spots. Dark sulphur spots due to iron sulphides Blisters. Broken blisters due to air entrapped during molding Laminations. Thin lamina produced due to air entrapped in voids of clay

52. Sep 20, 2010 52CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials52 Brick Masonry Brick sides –Header –Stretcher Brick Bonds –English Brick Masonry Patterns –Herringbone –Basket weave –Flemish

53. Sep 20, 2010 53CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials53

54. Sep 20, 2010 54CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials54 Basic Brickwork Terminology Bed Joint Head Joint Course - horizontal layer of brick

55. Sep 20, 2010 55CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials55 Basic Brickwork Terminology Header - Bonds two wythes together Wythe: vertical layer 1 unit thick Soldier - Laid on its end, face parallel Rowlock - laid on face, end visible Stretcher - long dimension horizontal & face parallel to the wall

56. Sep 20, 2010 56 10/2/2016 6:52 PM CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials56 Joint Color that “Blends” w/ Brick Color

57. Sep 20, 2010 57 10/2/2016 6:52 PM CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials57

58. Sep 20, 2010 58 10/2/2016 6:52 PM CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials58 Concave Joints

59. Sep 20, 2010 59 10/2/2016 6:52 PM CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials59 Raked Joints

60. Sep 20, 2010 60 10/2/2016 6:52 PM CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials60

61. Sep 20, 2010 61 10/2/2016 6:52 PM CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials61 Simulated Precast Concrete Lintel (actually a steel lintel supports the assembly)

62. Sep 20, 2010 62CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials62 Arch

63. Sep 20, 2010 63 10/2/2016 6:52 PM CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials63

64. Sep 20, 2010 64 10/2/2016 6:52 PM CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials64

65. Sep 20, 2010 65 10/2/2016 6:52 PM CE-115 Civil Engineering Materials65 Specially Shaped Bricks