1. What is Industrialization? Investopedia says: The process in which a society or country (or world) transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society into one based on the manufacturing of goods and services. Individual manual labor is often replaced by mechanized mass production and craftsmen are replaced by assembly lines. Characteristics of industrialization include the use of technological innovation to solve problems, as well as more efficient division of labor and economic growth. Put this into your own words in 1-2 sentences.

2. The Industrial Revolution Began in England in the 18 th -19 th centuries, but quickly spread throughout the World A process where a society moves from hand made to machine made products Before industrialization most nations had an economy driven by farming Industrialization is linked to technological development (ex: steam engine, electricity etc)

3. Living and Working Conditions The Negatives Even into the 20 th century most industrial workers in the US worked 10-12 hour days Made 20-40% less than a reasonable minimum wage Child labor used; cheaper than adults Working conditions very dirty, disease-filled, dangerous Homes of factory workers generally small, dirty, have contaminated water

4. Living and Working Conditions The Positives Ordinary workers found new opportunities for work in new mills and factories Most responsible for the creation of modern cities and suburbs Workers gained new rights through labour unions

5. Effects of the Industrial Revolution Higher world population with longer life span and lower infant death rate Improvements in education Increase in urbanization (cities) Safer working and living conditions including restrictions on child labour Development of a larger middle class

6. How has the US emerged as a major industrial superpower? American industrialization helped by its unique geographical, social and economic factors – Large number of rivers and streams ideal for creating mills for early industrialization – Large supply of natural resources – Large supply of labor (both domestic workers and immigrants) was an advantage over European nations coal copper leadgoldiron

7. America and Technological Developments America was home to many inventors who improved efficiency and communication in their country, and worldwide James Watt – steam engine Eli Whitney – cotton gin Samuel Morse – Telegraph Thomas Edison – Light Bulb Wright Brothers – Airplane Henry Ford – The Assembly Line Steam engine Cotton gin Telegraph Light bulb Airplane

8. Industrialization in the USA Mining – steel, iron, coal, silver Production – Factories and Mills Transportation – canals, roads, railroads, automobiles Communication – Telegraph and telephone Energy Production – oil, electricity, steam

9. Growth of Trade Increased production of goods led to increase in trade Ex: cotton/textiles, iron Trade increased within North America and between North America and other nations (Europe) Increased sales to foreigners/market growth as prices fall at home due to mass production

10. Changing American Landscape due to Industrialization By 1860 new forms of energy powered more advanced machinery; led to factories being set up in its largest cities Created a fast change from most people farming to most people working in factories Led to the formation of cities around factories with small dirty cramped housing Beyond cities, humans formed larger houses to escape from city life – the suburbs

11. Critical Thinking Exercise (handout) Imagine that you are one of the children in the photograph. Write a paragraph describing the child’s life as a laborer. Use descriptive language and details from the class notes/discussion in your paragraph.

12. Development of Cities Divided by Race, Ethnicity and Class Industrialization took place around the same time as the Civil War Northern States industrialized earlier, the Southern States based on farming and slavery After the Civil War many slaves left the South to work in factories in the North Others continued as quasi-slaves due to debts they owed their ‘masters’ to rent the land they worked

13. Immigration Immigrant labor came in waves from Europe with hopes of finding a better life in the New World Immigrants were forced into the lowest paying unskilled jobs Created a class system based on race/culture -> generally white American business owners taking advantage of new immigrant labor (ex: Irish, Italian, Chinese)

14. Life in a New England Factory (handout) Discussion: What is a primary source? Read through the primary source from New England in 1845 titled “Life in a New England Factory” In groups of 2-3, discuss the 2 activity options questions. Be prepared to share your answers with the rest of the class.

15. Industrial Revolution Mini-Project Form 4 groups of 3 Choose a topic from the following: 1) Living/Working Conditions, 2) Trade/Economic Development, 3) Technology and Mass Production, 4) Urbanization Create an information poster that explains your topic. You will have one day in the computer lab to research and find pictures and one day to compile your poster in the classroom. You will be marked on both the content of your information and the appearance of your poster.