1. Chapter 2 1 Chapter 2 PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS Section 1: Conducting Research Section 2: Surveys, Samples, and Populations Section 3: Methods of Observation Section 4: The Experimental Method Section 5: Ethical Issues

2. Chapter 2 2 Form a question (posing a question based on experience, psychological theory or common knowledge) Form a hypothesis (making an educated guess) Test the hypothesis (examining the evidence through any of a variety of means) Analyze Results (looking for patterns or relationships in the evidence) Draw a conclusion (determining whether the findings support the hypothesis and adjusting it if they do not) Steps in Scientific Research:

3. Chapter 2 3 IMPORTANCE OF PROPER SAMPLING TECHNIQUES Samples must be selected scientifically to ensure that the samples accurately represent the populations they are supposed to represent

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5. Opening – 08-26-15 Define independent variable. Define dependent variable. Identify each in this hypothesis:  If a dog gets more affection when it sits, then it will sit more. Chapter 2 5

6. 6 METHODS OF OBSERVATION Survey Testing Method – several types of tests measure various elements of human behavior such as abilities, interests, and personality Case-study Method – researchers conduct in-depth investigations of individuals or small groups Longitudinal Method – a group of participants are observed at intervals over an extended period of time Cross-Sectional Method – researchers compare the differences and similarities among people in different age groups at a given time

7. Chapter 2 7 Naturalistic-Observation Method – researchers observe the behavior of people or animals in their natural habitats Laboratory-Observation Method – participants are observed in a laboratory setting METHODS OF OBSERVATION (continued)

8. Chapter 2 8 CORRELATION Correlation measures how closely one thing is related to another

9. Chapter 2 9 PURPOSES AND ELEMENTS OF EXPERIMENTS Researchers conduct experiments to learn about cause and effect. Elements of experiments include independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, and the placebo effect.

10. Chapter 2 10 Typical Experiment 2 groups of subjects  Experimental Group- exposed to the independent variable* that is being analyazed. AKA the cause of the behavior.  Control Group: exposed to all the conditions except the independent variable. Provides a reference for comparison, isolates the impact of independent variable (the item being investigated) *Variable= is any condition that can change and might effect the outcome of the experiment.

11. Chapter 2 11 3 Types of Experiment Variables Independent Variables  Suspected cause of behavior  Conditions altered by experimenter Dependent Variables  Measures the results of experiment  Reveals the effects of Independent variable on behavior Extraneous Variable  Outside variable – the researcher try to exclude from consideration

12. Chapter 2 12 Placebo Effect Drug studies may be influenced by suggestion The act of taking a pill or injection may influence behavior= psychosomatic reaction. Expectation may be a factor To control the Placebo effect- single blind and double blind experiments could be used.

13. Opening 08/27/15 Answer the following:  What are the two groups in a research study?  Who gets the independent variable? Chapter 2 13

14. Chapter 2 14 Single Blind and Double Blind Single Blind- participants do not know if they are receiving a placebo or the drug Double Blind- Neither the subject or the patient know who has the drug or placebo

15. Chapter 2 15 Clinical Studies Single Subject – person In-depth study of all aspects of a single subject (not an experiment) Example of Phineas Gage

16. Chapter 2 16 ETHICAL ISSUES AND RESEARCH Protect study participants from harm Maintain the scientific integrity of the study Promote the dignity of the individual Foster human welfare Confidentiality Informed Consent

17. Work session Finish station activities. Complete worksheet from the table at the front. Chapter 2 17

18. Opening – 08/28/15 On a separate sheet of paper, make a chart. See the board for the template. In your group, you will create a poster about the observation method given. You will include: Method type, description, advantages, disadvantages Then, you will rotate around to fill in your chart. Chapter 2 18