1. In the name of God

2. Clinical examination of the cardiovascular system

4. Anatomy The heart is in the anterior part of the thorax between the 3 rd and 6 th pair of ribs The base of the heart is situated half way up the thorax. It is tilted in a craniocaudal direction in the thorax. The anterior extremity of the base of the heart where the great vessels originate is level with the 3th rib The posterior is higher up in chest and is level with the 5 th rib.the apex of the heart is low down in the chest and level with the 6 th rib.

5. figurs

6. Visual inspection and physical examination of the cardiovascular systems Signs of heart failure: 1.Right –sided heart failure: distention jugular vein Brisket and submandibular oedema ascites 2.Left-sided heart failure: increased pulmonary venous pressure causing oedema and decreaed elasticity of the lung tissue.

7. Examination of the cardiovascular system 1.Peripheral pulse Rate Sites: 1. ventral surface of the tail 5 to 10 cm from the tail head 2.Digital arteries of the foreleg 3.In calves femoral artery 2. Colour of mucous membranes Normally salmon pink May be cyanotic May be pale

8. Cont,s 3. Capillary refill time Digital pressure on non-pigmented mucosa of the lips,dental pad or vulval mucosa It should return in less than 2 seconds,more than 5 seconds is a poor circulation

9. Cont,s 4.Apex beat of the heart 5.Jugular pulse 6.Jugular filling 7.Auscultation of the heart

10. On both sides of the chest between the 3 rd and 6rd ribs Is covered by the triceps muscle

12. Cont,s intensity of the heart sounds Cardiac rate and rhythm 1.Brabycardia:vagal digestion 2.Tachycardis:anaemia,fever,terminal heart failure and toxemia Abnormal heart sounds

13. Further diagnostic tests Percussion of the heart Electrocardiograph Ultrasonographic Radiography pericardiocentesis