1. 10.3 Lecture – Progress and Population Increase

2. I. Progress A. Profound changes in society, politics, and the economy. B. New Industrial Cities 1. Dramatic environmental changes to towns. a. London became the largest city the world had ever known. 1. 1700, 500,00 inhabitants 2. 1850, 2,363,000 inhabitants 2. Wealth from industrialization a. Building of fine homes, churches, museums, and theatres.

3. 3. Most growth came too fast a. Families came from rural areas to the urban cities for jobs and to make a profit and standard of living in society. 1. Rural = suburbs 2. Urban = cities b. Poor migrants streamed in from the countryside. 1. Developers built cheap, shoddy row houses for them to rent. 2. Cities became very crowded i) Built upwards ii) Ghettos created 3. Several families were forced to live in one room.

4. c. Country folk in the big city 1. People threw their sewage and trash out the windows to be washed down the gutters in the street. 2. Poor had pigs and chickens 3. Rich had horses 4. Poor health i) Air pollution from burning coal. ii) Drank water from wells and rivers contaminated by sewage and industrial runoff. d. Railroads invaded towns 1. Noise 2. Smoke

5. 4. Diseases proliferated a. Already had smallpox, dysentery and tuberculosis. b. New Diseases 1. Rickets – a bone disease caused by lack of sunshine, became endemic in dark and smoky industrial cities. 2. Cholera – steamships brought the disease from India which hit poor neighborhoods. 3. Infant death due to lack of sanitation. 5. Changes a. Garbage removal b. Water and sewage systems c. Parks and schools

6. C. Rural Environments 1. Deforestation – people cut timber to build ships and houses, to heat homes, and to manufacture bricks, iron, glass, beer, bread, etc. a. America depleted the land faster and in a harsh manner when compared to Europeans. b. American viewed the forest land as a hindrance to development and crops.

7. D. Evolution of Work and Labor 1. Most jobs were unskilled, repetitive, and boring. a. The workday began and ended with the clock, no matter the season. 2. Slave Trade a. Brought many minority groups to the United States that crowded cities and created ghettos, 3. Immigration a. Coming to America to find a better life and increase the standard of living. b. Myth – Standard of living was not high, but very low. 1. 6 days a week 2. 12-16 hour days 3. Poor working conditions

8. 4. Mining and manufacturing a. Mining 1. Smallpox 2. Little oxygen 3. Black Lung b. Manufacturing 1. Accidents 2. Sickness = loss of job 3. No safety devices i) No welfare system ii) No disability iii) No workers compensation

9. 5. Women worked in the textile industry a. They were paid ½ of what men would earn b. Husbands and wives worked at separate jobs trying to make ends meet. 1. Parents knew young children could contribute to family income. 2. Children as young as 5 or 6 would work factories and mines. 3. There were no public schools or daycare centers. 4. Children were cheaper and more docile than adults. 5. Children were small for mines and to get into broken machinery. 6. Children worked 14 to 16 hours a day and were beaten if they made mistake or fell asleep.

10. 6. There were always other individuals that could replace workers for lower pay. F. Changes in Society 1. Fluctuations in wages created a divide between rich and poor. a. The standard of living was different for every individual in the Industrial Revolution. 2. Business Cycles – Recurrent swings from economic hard times to recovery and growth, then back to hard times. a. When demand feel, businesses contracted or closed, and workers found themselves unemployed.

11. 3. Famine occurred a. Ireland and the failed potato crops b. Many died and many immigrated to England or America. G. Labor and Union Movements 1. Press for better conditions 2. Labor Unions a. Bargain with employers to better wages, hours, and working conditions.

12. Letter Home Activity After a 12 hour day at the mill, you decide to write a letter to your family. In your letter, describe your new job and say whether you want to keep working here in Manchester or go back home to the farm.