1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 28: The Islamic Empires

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 The Islamic Empires, 1500-1800

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Islamic Land Empires in the Dawn of Early Modern History: Some Big Ideas The legacy of these empires today is most evident:  Ottoman Empire- Turkey  Safavid Persia- Iran  Mogul India (India Pakistan and Bangladesh) Turkish Nomads seize and restore political order in wake of Mongol and Timurid invasions Each adopts a unique approach to Islam to generate a cultural identity- Islam a minority in Mogul India Along with China and Russia- large land empires of early modern age Each selectively adopts aspects of European technology and commerce while resisting others 3

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 The Ottoman Empire (1289-1923) Osman leads bands of semi nomadic Turks to become ghazi: Muslim religious warriors Captures Anatolia with light cavalry and volunteer infantry  Later, heavy cavalry In Balkans, forced Christian families to surrender young boys to military service: devshirme  Often grew up to be exceptionally loyal Janissaries

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Mehmed II (“the Conqueror,” r. 1451- 1481) Capture of Constantinople, 1453 Renamed Istanbul Transformation from warrior sultan to emperor of “two lands” (Europe, Asia) and “two seas” (Black Sea, Mediterranean) Planned to capture Pope, unsuccessful

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Suleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566) Expanded into Asia, Europe Begins to halt central Asian nomadic migration Besieged Vienna, 1529 Develops naval power Reformed taxes and laws Expanded educational services

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 The Safavid Empire Ismail young military leader, r. 1501-1524 Orphaned, parents killed by enemies Becomes Shah, proclaims official religion of realm Twelver Shiism  Twelve infallible imams after Muhammad  12 th imam in hiding, ready to take power  Wore distinctive red hat, called quzilbash (“red heads”) Empire called Safavid, after Safi al-Din (1252- 1334), Sufi thinker

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Shiite Pilgrims at Karbala 8 Shia Islam shows the power of identifying and connecting with the persecuted and underdog Commemoration of AshuraAshura

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Battle of Chaldiran (1514) Ottoman Selim (I) the Grim attacks Safavids Heavy use of Ottoman gunpowder technology give them the upper hand Ismail escapes, two centuries of ongoing conflict Shah Abbas the Great (r. 1588-1629) revitalizes weakened Safavid empire  Reforms administration, military  Expands trade, expands the empire  Military expansion

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 The Mughal Empire Zahir al-Din Muhammad (Babur the Tiger), Chagatai Turk (central Asia), invades northern India for plunder, 1523 Gunpowder technology gives Babur advantage Founds Mughal (Persian for Mongol) dynasty Expands through most of Indian subcontinent through the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Akbar the Great (r. 1556-1605) Grandson of Babur after Humayan, the second emperor is driven into exile Wins fear and respect after throwing Adham Khan, leader of the army, out the window twice  Second time just to make sure he was dead Created centralized government in region of historical decentralization Retakes control of India, destroyed Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar Religiously tolerant, promoted “Divine Faith”  Syncretic form of Islam and Hinduism

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Aurangzeb (r. 1659-1707) Expands Mughal empire into southern India Hostile to Hinduism  Demolished Hindu temples, replaced with mosques  Tax on Hindus to encourage conversion

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Common Elements of Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires Empires based on military conquest (“gunpowder empires”) Prestige of dynasty dependent on piety and military prowess of the ruler  Close relations with Sufism, ghazi tradition Steppe Turkish traditions  Issuance of unilateral decrees  Intra-family conflicts over power 1595 Sultan massacres 19 brothers (some infants), 15 expectant women (strangulation with silk). Conflicts over ascension of power Difficulty controlling wealthy landowners

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Women and Politics Women officially banned from political activity Some rights given, but restricted under Sharia law But tradition of revering mothers, 1 st wives from Chinggis Khan Süleyman the Magnificent defers to concubine Hürrem Sultana  Originally Roxelana, Ukrainian woman  Convinces husband to murder eldest son in favor of her own child

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Agriculture and Trade American crops effect less dramatic change in Muslim empires  Coffee, tobacco important  Initial opposition from conservative circles, fearing lax morality of coffee houses Population growth also reflects territorial additions and losses Trade with English East India Company, French East India Company, and Dutch VOC

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Population Growth

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Religious Diversity Ottoman Empire: Christians, Jews Safavid Empire: Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians Mughal Empire: Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians, Christians, Sikhs Mughal Akbar most tolerant  Received Jesuits politely, but resented Christian exclusivity  Enthusiastic about syncretic Sikhism, self-serving “Divine Faith”

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Status of Religious Minorities Non-Muslim protected people: dhimmi  Payment of special tax: jizya  Freedom of worship, property, legal affairs Ottoman communities: millet system of self- administration Mughal rule: Muslims supreme, but work in tandem with Hindus  Under Akbar, jizya abolished  Reaction under Aurangzeb

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Capital Cities Istanbul cultural capital of Ottoman empire, massive monumental architecture Rededication of Hagia Sofia church as Aya Sofiya mosque Ishafan major Persian city Akbar builds magnificent Fatehpur Sikri  Chooses site without sufficient water supply, abandoned  Taj Mahal example of Mughal architecture

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Topkapi Palace: Center of Ottoman Power in Istanbul 20

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Isfahan: Safavid Persia’s Turquoise Treasure 21

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Taj Mahal: Mogul Treasure or the World’s Largest Metaphor? 22

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 Deterioration of Imperial Leadership Ottoman princes become lazy through luxury  Selim the Sot (r. 1566-1574)  Ibrahim the Crazy (r.1640-1648) Attempts to isolate them compounds the problem Religious tensions between conservatives and liberals intensify  Role of women Wahhabi movement in Arabia denounces Ottomans as unfit to rule  Force destruction of observatory, printing press Safavid Shiites persecute Sunnis, non-Muslims and even Sufis

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Economic and Military Decline Foreign trade controlled by Europeans Military, administrative network expensive to maintain  Janissaries mutiny when paid with debased coinage, 1589, other revolts follow Unproductive wars European military technology advances faster than Ottomans can purchase it, pushing the Ottoman Empire further East Growth of the Atlantic system weakened position of Turkish- Grew addicted to American tobacco

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Cultural Conservatism Europeans actively studying Islamic cultures for purposes of trade, missionary activities Islamic empires less interested in outside world Swiftly fell behind in technological development  E.g. Jews from Spain establish 1 st printing press in Anatolia in late 15 th century  But printing of books in Turkish and Arabic forbidden until 1729 Handwritten books preferred, but weak levels of dissemination