2. { CHAPTER 19 SECTION 4 Workers and Unions by Sara and Bella

3. Identify what working conditions were like in factories of the late 1800s. Explain why workers formed unions. Describe the labor movement’s treatment of immigrants and African Americans. Explain why labor unions faced opposition Guidelines

4. VOCAB Injunction: a court order to do or not to do something

5. I. Factories A.Before the 1800’s most factories were small B. Drew workers from many different backgrounds 1.Most were native born white men 2.Left their farms and moved to cities such as Chigcao and Pittsburgh 3.Immigrants from Europe, Asia, and Mexico 4.Many southern African American migrants A New Kind of Workplace II. Dangerous Conditions A. Factories were filled with hazards B. Owners spent little time to improve the safety of workers Pittsburgh Steel Mill

6. C. Some were Severely Injured or Killed 1. Textile workers inhaled lung-damaging dust and fibers 2. Coal mine cave-ins buried miners alive 3. Some were killed by gas in mineshafts or by the coal and dust they inhaled all day 4. Steel-workers risked injuries by working so close to red-hot vats of melted metals III. Children in Industry A. The 1900 consensus reported nearly 2 million children In the industry B. People believed that it was wrong for children to toil in factories C. However as long as factory owners could hire children at a low pay they did so D. Children worked in many industries such as… Coal Mines Textile Mills Tobacco Factories Garment Workshops E. Working Children did not go to school 1. Worked 12 hours a day, 6 days a week

7. Workers Organize IV. Knights of Labor A. Formed in 1869 B. Opened at first to skilled workers only C. Held secret meetings and had SPECIAL handshakes D. No women aloud! E. Terence Powderly is president of the organization 1. Wanted to make the union stronger 2. Ended secret meetings and let women, blacks, immigrants, and unskilled workers. 3. Wanted the Knights to work to make the world a better place 4. No strikes, only rallies and meetings to win public support F. Goals Shorter workday An end to child labor Equal pay for each gender G. Protested a major pay cut for the Missouri Pacific Railroad in 1885 1. Forced the company to restore their wages H. Membership soared adding 700,000 members including 60,000 African Americans

9. Forming Unions Workers formed unions because of the low wages, long hours, and unsafe and unhealthful conditions.