1. 2440: 141 Web Site Administration Server Installation Instructor: Joseph Nattey

2. Prepare the Server for Installation Before you install the OS on your server, you need to perform a variety of tasks to prepare for the installation. Make sure all of your hardware components are compatible with the OS before you start installing You should also document your findings for future reference. Server Installation2

3. Prepare the Server for Installation Although there are few problems with hardware compatibility if you pick a server from a major manufacturer, you have to check for compatibility for Windows or Unix/Linux. You can have problems upgrading old servers because sometimes they had components such as RAID controllers that are not supported anymore. Server Installation3

4. 4 Prepare the Server for Installation A typical installation is from CD Production systems use a single-boot system meaning only one OS is on a computer You can put all described OSs on a single computer which is a multi-boot

5. Prepare the Server for Installation Production systems only have a single operating system on a hard drive but in development environments and in student labs, often a single hard drive has multiple operating systems that you can select when you start the computer. Educational or training systems usually use multi-boot systems Multi-booting is the act of installing multiple operating systems on a computer, and being able to choose which one to boot when starting the computer. operating systemscomputerboot Service packs (Microsoft) or errata (Linux) are useful for operating system improvements and maintenance Linux errata are usually divided into: security alerts, bug fixes and enhancements Server Installation5

6. Prepare the Server for Installation… To install two OS on one hard disk, you need to plan the installations carefully Most OSs are designed to control the master boot record (MBR) The Master Boot Record (MBR) is the information in the first sector of any hard disk that identifies how and where an operating system is located so that it can be boot(loaded) into the computer's main storage or random access memory. sectorhard diskbootrandom access memory The MBR also holds the information on how the logical partitions, containing file systems, are organized on that medium. When you turn on a multi-boot computer, a menu appears listing the operating systems available on the computer; you then select which one you want to use. Server Installation6

7. Prepare the Server for Installation… Linux has a few bootloaders to choose from. Usually, Linux administrators leave the distro's default bootloader installed. Sometimes administrators need to use a different one or the distro's installer gives the administrators a choice between bootloaders. Clearly, it helps to know about the different Linux bootloaders. The bootloader is software that executes after the hardware's BIOS completes its startup tests. The bootloader starts an operating system or another bootloader (this is called chainloading). The operating system needs some type of software to initiate the core of the OS. Chainloading is usually used when a computer has many installed operating systems (multi- booting) and the primary bootloader cannot initiate one or more of the operating systems. For instance, some of the Linux bootloaders cannot boot-up Windows. Instead, these bootloaders start another bootloader that can handle Windows or some other system. Server Installation7

8. Prepare the Server for Installation… Linux uses either the GRUB or LILO boot loaders LILO (LInux LOader) was once the default bootloader for many Linux distributions before GRUB (another bootloader) became popular. The advantages LILO has over many bootloaders is it is not filesystem specific. This means that the operating system can exist on any filesystem (NTFS, EXT4, BTRFS, FAT32, HFS+, UFS, JFS, etc.) and it will still be initiated. LILO can handle up to sixteen operating systems. Server Installation8

9. Prepare the Server for Installation… GRUB (GRand Unified Boot Loader) – is a boot loader package developed to support multiple operating systems Grub has a graphical interface where a user can select, the desired operating system from the menu. Supports booting from a network The GNU Project is the original maker and current maintainer. GRUB is written in Assembly and C. Server Installation9

10. Prepare the Server for Installation… For multi-boot systems, you may want to install Windows first before Linux The Linux boot method will allow both operating systems to coexist on the same hard disk Server Installation10

11. Checking Hardware Compatibility Typically there are fewer problems when using hardware designed for a server from major manufacturers IDE drives are always compatible Make sure the latest drivers for SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) and RAID controllers are available Today’s Linux distributions include virtually all the current video drivers With video adapters and NICs, it is best to use ones from major vendors Server Installation11

12. System Documentation (ksa) Documentation would have to be amongst the most despised word in the IT industry. If you ask most people, they would dive into a situation head first and deal with the consequences as they arise. But reality is, it is a very useful document. Some major forms of documentation include: Requirements Documents. Hardware and Software Registers. Technical Software Specifications. Network Documentation. User and Systems Help Files. Practice Rules and Procedures. Risk Management Procedures. Server Installation12

13. System Documentation (ksa) The key to good documentation is that it is clear and concise, so that anybody other than the author can pick it up and understand it easily. Should be detailed enough for inexperienced network administrator to be able to reinstall and configure the server. System documentation is an ongoing process Changes occur over the life of the server Because systems change over time, the system documentation should change also. Often, the documentation is started when a new system is installed but then nobody updates it. Need compatibility information Server Installation13

14. System Documentation… (ksa) You need a variety of hardware information such as: Server manufacturer, including model information Processor type and speed Amount of RAM Drive interface – RAID, SCSI, IDE Hard disk – size, manufacturer, and model NIC manufacturer and model Server Installation14

15. System Documentation… (ksa) Other system information include: Partition information – number and sizes Operating system version installed Latest software patches - in Windows they are called service packs Where to get latest drivers URLs for latest drivers Server Installation15

16. System Documentation… (ksa) Include steps for installation including options chosen this is so if someone needs to rebuild the server, they can do it more easily. Keep documentation, CDs, drivers in a binder, also keep electronic version of documentation You should know all the support details including Who to call Contact phone number Type of support contract Expiration of contract Remember that if your support guarantees a response in 24 hours it may just mean that they will show up within 24 hours to take a look at it. They might have to order a motherboard that could take a few days. Server Installation16

17. The Installation Process As you go through the setup process the program will ask you questions about your configuration. You need to know the answers to these questions before you start Many of the questions are common to all operating systems Server Installation17

18. The Installation Process… Partitioning the Hard Disk: A partition is a logical division of the hard disk On Windows systems, you may create a primary partition and an extended partition Primary partition – where a system boots from Extended partition – where more drives are added Gives you more logical drives in Windows It is best to isolate the operating system from applications Because if the application partition fills the hard disk and the operating system is on the same partition, the OS stops Server Installation18

19. The Installation Process… Linux Partitions: The concept of dividing the hard disk into more than one partition in Linux is the same as it is for Windows. Six partitions are used for Linux by default / (root partition) swap (used for virtual memory) /boot (boot files – small) /usr (shared files and programs) /home (user files and programs) /var (Web site, FTP, log files) Just / and swap are required Server Installation19 PartitionPurpose / The default root partition is where all of the system files are stored. You will usually find /etc, /lib, and other important system directories under this partition. When installing a Linux distribution, the root partition is required. - See more at: http://www.serverschool.com/dedicated-servers/linux-server-partition- introduction/#sthash.ERM7BVK3.dpuf /var This is where spool directories such as those for mail and printing go. In addition, it contains the error log directory. /tmpThis is where most temporary data files stored by apps. /bootThis is where your kernel images and boot loader configuration go. /homeThis is where users home directories go. /usr This is where most executable binaries, the kernel source tree and much documentation go. swap Virtual memory is stored in the swap partition. Similar to Windows, the swap partition allows the system to simulate memory when the RAM is full. Unlike Windows, which uses a single file, Linux uses a separate partition that can hold numerous files. Usually, the swap partition will be as large as the amount of RAM. On systems with large amounts of RAM, swap may rarely be used.

20. The Installation Process… Linux Partitions: For a Web server installation, however you need more space in the var partition and less space in the home and user directories. As you go through the installation, text boxes will offer the default partition sizes. You can easily change the sizes to whatever is appropriate for your environment. Server Installation20

21. Managing Multiple Operating Systems on a Single Computer Having multiple OSs on a single computer can be useful for development and training purposes Usually, it is best to start with un-partitioned hard disk. For simplicity, just create one partition for each Windows OS, and then let Linux create the default partitions. You need to install Windows operating systems first because Linux recognizes the Windows operating systems and creates a menu so when you start the computer you can pick Linux or the Windows OSs Server Installation21

22. The Installation Process… Naming Computers: Computer names (called host names in Linux networks) identify computers on a network. Windows communicates the computer name to other computers on the subnet so it should be unique Name of computer is not related to how the computer is recognized on the Internet In Linux, the hostname can exist on more than one computer because it only uses IP addresses for communication Server Installation22

23. The Installation Process… (ksa) Software Licensing: A software license is a legally binding agreement that specifies the terms of use for an application defines the rights of the software producer and of the end-user. All software must be legally licensed before it may be installed. Under United States copyright law all software is copyright protected, in source code as also object code form. Server Installation23

24. The Installation Process… (ksa) Software Licensing: Describes how the software can be used For Windows, usually each installation must be activated by Microsoft Only one server can be activated for each license so this should eliminate piracy by organizations. Linux is basically free but there may be a cost for packaging, support, and extras Based on the general public license which allows for not only free access to the OS, but to the source code too. Server Installation24

25. The Installation Process… Selecting a File System: A file system determines how files are stored on a hard disk Some Windows file systems include: NTFS (New Technology Files System) has security which is critical for a server FAT (File Allocation Table) based on the original DOS file system and has no security Some Linux file systems include: ext4, ext3, ext2 JFS ( Journaled File System ) - was developed by IBM in 1990 and later ported to Linux. It boasts low CPU usage and good performance for both large and small files. Server Installation25

26. Default Operating System File Systems Release YearOperating SystemFile System 1981MS-DOS/PC DOSFAT12 1984Mac OSMacintosh File System (MFS) 1985Mac OSHierarchical File System (HFS) 1989OS/2 v1.2High Performance File System (HPFS) 1990Windows 3.0 / 3.1xFAT16B 1992Linuxext / ext2 / ext3 / ext4 1993FreeBSD v1-v5.0UFS1 1994Windows NT 3.5NTFS 1995Windows 95FAT16 and VFAT 1996Windows NT 4.0NTFS 1998Mac OS 8.1 / Mac OS XHFS Plus (HFS+) 1998Windows 98FAT32 2000Windows MeFAT32 2000Windows 2000NTFS 2001Windows XPNTFS but FAT32 is also common 2003FreeBSD v5.1-v9UFS2 2003Windows Server 2003NTFS 2006Windows VistaNTFS 2008Windows Server 2008NTFS 2009Windows 7NTFS 2012Windows 8NTFS Server Installation26

27. Basic Linux Concepts The top level directory is known as “root (/)”. Devices may be mounted before usage Devices may also be un-mounted before removing them to flush the file buffer if files were copied to them Server Installation27

28. Special Files /home - all users’ home directories are stored here /bin, /usr/bin - system commands /sbin, /usr/sbin - commands used by sysadmins /etc - all sorts of configuration files /var - logs, spool directories etc. /dev - device files /proc - special system files Server Installation28

29. Linux Shell Prompt Shell – the command-line interface An interface between the Linux system and the user Examples are: sh Bourne shell - the original csh C shell - compatible with Bourne shell bash Bourne again shell - most common on Linux tcsh The enhanced C shell zsh Z shell - new, compatible with Bourne shell ksh Korn shell - most popular UNIX shell Server Installation29

30. Linux Shell Prompt Most work is done on Linux at the shell prompt using commands such as the following: Server Installation30 Linux Shell CommandWindows Equivalent exit kill/killall cd ls mkdir rm rm -r mv cp find/locate useradd clear ifconfig chmod cmp exit kill/pskill cd dir md del/erase deltree move copy/xcopy/mv find addusers cls ipconfig icacls/xcacls comp

31. Configuring TCP/IP on Linux To determine TCP/IP configuration in Linux, type ifconfig at a shell prompt Server Installation31

32. Configuring TCP/IP on Windows To determine TCP/IP configuration in Windows, type ipconfig at a command prompt Server Installation32