1. Parental work hour demands and ‘quality time’ with children EARC Gender Roles Workshop 2016 Stefanie Hoherz

2. Research question How do long working hours of mothers and fathers affect the time they spend with their children in certain activities? Differences between mothers and fathers: 1.Time with children 2.Long working hours British context: Fathers work often >48 hours per week Mothers high part-time employment rate Mothers work rarely >40 hours 2

3. Research question 3 types of activities, which involve a certain level of interaction: 1.spending time together in structured leisure activities (time-consuming, but adjustable) 2.eating dinner together (daily activity, but mainly mothers) 3.talking to the child about important matters (relationship quality) 3

4. Previous Research General increase in parents’ time spend with children actively Mothers and Fathers increased active time spend quality over quantity Employment itself has no negative effect (Monna and Gauthier 2008; Bianchi, Robinson and Milkie 2008) Men with long working hours low participation in childcare (Milkie & Peltola, 1999; Rapoport & Bourdais, 2008). Long working hours have negative effect on the time parents and children spend eating together (Chen et al. 2015; Hamermesch 2007 ) 4

5. Theory Economic theories: 1.Own involvement in labour work leaves less leisure time to spend with children 2.Partner’s involvement in labour work should have positive effect on individuals time with children Sociological theories (especially Doing Gender): 1.Women are expected to be ‘good mothers’ and thus have to compensate for long working hours with increased time investment, especially in leisure time 5

6. Theory Differences in low/high-income households The negative effect of long working hours on parents’ time with children should be cancelled out by higher income as housework responsibilities can be purchased on the market. Differences in low/high-education households Parents with a higher education will give priority to quality time with children, despite having long working hours. 6

7. Samples + Data UKHLS (Wave 1, 3, and 5) Couples with child under 12 years in the HH Single parents excluded Self-employed excluded Unemployed job-seekers excluded 2 Samples (question asked only…): 1. sample: 4806 couples with child under 12 2. sample: 3975 couples with child between 5 and 12 7

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10. Method Correlated Random Effects Ordered Probit Models: A Mundlak-type adjustment of the error term (Mundlak 1978) is included to allow for correlation between unobserved heterogeneity and the regressors 10

11. Control variables Marital status Age of child Age of parent Number of children Region Gender of youngest child Family relation to youngest child (biological/adopted/step child) Time traveling to work Educational level in household Equiv. household income (grouped: low, medium, high) 11

12. 12 Table 1: Correlated Random Effects Ordered Probit for how often mothers and fathers spend time with children in different activities. Structured Leisure time Eating DinnerTalking to Children MothersFathersMothersFathersMothersFathers M1M2M3M4M5M6 Work hours arrangement couple 4 F normal + M normal – ref. Both not employed-0.070.15-0.050.14-0.60**-0.27 F not empl + M empl-0.150.25-0.030.31+0.00-0.14 F normal +M not empl0.05-0.010.02-0.15+0.06-0.04 F long +M not empl0.17-0.170.09-0.41***0.09-0.11 F long + M normal0.05-0.21**-0.05-0.31***-0.04 F normal + M long-0.21***-0.07-0.05-0.060.12-0.08 F long+ M long-0.26**-0.20*-0.16-0.15-0.03-0.08 Observation numbers9810 9807 7460 Couples4804 4806 3975 Mundlak Test0.000 Chi20.000

13. 13 Table 2: Correlated Random Effects Ordered Probit for how often mothers and fathers spend time with children in different activities in interaction with higher educational level. Structured Leisure time Eating DinnerTalking to Children MothersFathersMothersFathersMothersFathers M1M2M3M4M5M6 Work hour arrangement 4 couple F normal + M normal – ref. Both not empl-0.010.09-0.090.12-0.57*-0.27 F not empl + M empl-0.120.250.150.360.06-0.06 F normal +M not empl0.040.050.11-0.140.170.01 F long +M not empl-0.07-0.32*0.07-0.34*0.09-0.24 F long + M normal0.07-0.17-0.06-0.26*0.10-0.01 F normal + M long-0.20*0.12-0.25*-0.17+0.100.02 F long+ M long-0.15-0.18-0.33+-0.18-0.13 Work hour arrangement for higher educational level in HH F normal + M normal – ref. Both not empl-0.170.150.160.080.010.05 F not empl + M empl-0.050.01-0.29-0.09 -0.13 F normal +M not empl0.02-0.09-0.17-0.02-0.20+-0.10 F long +M not empl0.45**0.240.04-0.120.010.22 F long + M normal-0.03-0.080.02-0.08-0.24-0.05 F normal + M long-0.02-0.27**0.27**0.150.02-0.15 F long+ M long-0.15-0.040.230.050.140.07 Highest educational level in HH High (degree/ further ed)0.37***0.36***0.040.020.28***0.29*** Observation numbers9810 9807 7460

14. 14 Table 3: Correlated Random Effects Ordered Probit for how often mothers and fathers spend time with children in different activities in interaction with high income (> 140% of average household income). Structured Leisure time Eating DinnerTalking to Children MothersFathersMothersFathersMothersFathers M1M2M3M4M5M6 F normal + M normal – ref. Both not empl-0.090.090.080.18-0.62**-0.31 F not empl + M empl-0.180.260.080.34+-0.03-0.32+ F normal +M not empl0.06-0.010.05-0.16*0.07-0.04 F long +M not empl0.16-0.23+0.18-0.48***0.02-0.08 F long + M normal0.09-0.20*-0.09-0.29**0.030.05 F normal + M long-0.20**-0.05-0.06-0.080.130.01 F long+ M long-0.24*-0.03-0.21-0.18-0.23-0.03 Work hour arrangement for higher hh equiv. income M normal + W normal – ref. Both not empl0.230.33-0.40-0.42-0.310.17 F not empl + M empl0.24-0.17-0.30-0.120.060.96* F normal +M not empl-0.08-0.010.080.07-0.090.00 F long +M not empl0.040.19-0.170.310.21-0.13 F long + M normal-0.12-0.020.13-0.07-0.16-0.25 F normal + M long-0.03-0.04-0.020.060.00-0.24+ F long+ M long-0.06-0.38*0.060.090.41+-0.14 HH-income categories Higher household income (>140% of average income) -0.030.05-0.02-0.22**0.050.07 Observation numbers9810 9807 7460

15. Conclusion Mothers’ and fathers’ long working hours have negative effect on ‘quality time’ with children Long working hours differ for mothers and fathers Lower income households seem to be more affected by time mismatches 15

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19. Work hour arrangements of parents with children <12 years in HH in my main sample Work hour arrangementFrequency% 1. Both not employed6725.5 2. M not empl + W empl3512.9 3. M<40 h + W not empl171314 4. M 40-50 h + W not empl8316.8 5. M >50 h + W not empl4113.4 6. M<40 h + W <30 h249220.3 7. M 40-50 h + W<30 h187815.3 8. M >50 h + W< 30 h8897.3 9. M 30 h152412.4 10. M 40-50 h + W> 30 h9948.1 11. M > 50 h + W > 30h5084.1 19

20. ‘How often do you and your child/children spend time together on leisure activities or outings outside the home such as going to the park or zoo, going to the movies, sports or to have a picnic?’ How often does your child / do any of your children talk to you about things that matter to them? 20