1. Human Trafficking What Schools Need in Order to Recognize it and Respond

3. Meet Your Presenters Mike Brosnan San Mateo Sherriff’s Office Human Trafficking Program Coordinator (650)802-4289 mbrosnan@smcgov.org Jeneé Littrell Director, Safe and Supportive Schools San Mateo County Office of Education (650)802-5472 Jlittrell@smcoe.org Jlittrell@smcoe.org

4. Recently Released ED Resources

5. “I know that my teacher knew that something was wrong with me. On a few occasions she saw me getting out of my pimp’s car before school. I would catch her looking at me as if she was trying to figure out what to do with me. I WISH SHE HAD DONE SOMETHING!” CSEC Survivor, 17 Years Old

6. “Watch it and address it!! We know you are aware it’s happening” “Educate all school staff about the warning signs. If I knew I had somewhere to turn, I would have done so.” “Don’t give up on us when we get in trouble. Work with us to figure out why things are happening”

7. Today’s Goals Gain a greater understanding Learn about indicators and warning signs Learn what schools can do Know where to go for more information

8. Why Trafficking? The world’s second most profitable criminal enterprise Signs of trafficking increasingly apparent in schools

9. RISKRISK The Proliferation of Trafficking PROFITPROFIT

10. Schools Potential Targets Man charged with sex trafficking high school girls Tennessee, September 2013 http://www.wmctv.com/story/23384223/man-charged-with-sex-trafficking-high- school-girls

11. Bloods gang member went to Brooklyn schools to recruit underage girls New York City | June 2010 http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/blo ods-gang-members-brooklyn-schools-recruit- underage-girls-hookers-prosecutors-article- 1.180295

12. A 19 year old former cheerleader recruited girls at her high school to join her and the man trafficking her Portland, OR| April 2014 http://koin.com/2014/04/11/ex-cheerleader- arraigned-sex- trafficking/?relatedposts_hit=1&relatedposts_o rigin=58927&relatedposts_position=2

13. What is Trafficking?

14. Human Trafficking: The Basics Modern-day slavery Highly profitable global criminal enterprise Supply and demand

15. Federal Law and Definitions Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (TVPA), as amended Sex Trafficking: The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act Commercial Sex Act: Any sex act on account of which anything of value is given to or received by any person

16. Federal Law and Definitions Severe Forms of Trafficking Sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age ; or The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery *Movement across a geographical boundary is not needed for an activity to be considered trafficking

17. Trafficking Victims Under Federal Law Minors (17 or younger) involved in a commercial sex act Adults (18 or older) who are forced, defrauded, or coerced into committing commercial sex acts Anyone (regardless of age) who is forced, defrauded, or coerced into various forms of labor or services

18. The Venues Online Strip clubs Brothels Prostitution Fake massage or nail parlors Truck stops Hotels, motels, homes, etc…

19. Online “ Traffickers commonly approach girls through social media, such as Facebook and Instagram, start by telling them they are pretty and then follow up with gifts and promises of a better life...” January 2015 http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/prince- william-schools-educate-staff-students-and-parents- on-human-trafficking/2015/01/09/493651d4-9755- 11e4-8005-1924ede3e54a_story.html

20. At Home “ By day, she would go to school and play with other kids. But when night came, her mother would sell her daughter to as many as three men on a school night.” July 2015 http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/ 2015/07/30/bringing-attention-sex-trafficking- delaware/30885929/

21. The Numbers

22. The number of 10- to 17-year olds involved in commercial sexual exploitation in the United States each year likely exceeds 250,000, with 60% of these victims being runaway, thrownaway or homeless youth Congressional testimony Ernie Allen, President National Center for Missing and Exploited Children http://judiciary.house.gov/_files/hearings/ pdf/allen100915.pdf

23. The Numbers As many as one third of teen runaway or thrownaway youth will become involved in prostitution within 48 hours of leaving home. Congressional testimony Ernie Allen, President National Center for Missing and Exploited Children http://judiciary.house.gov/_files/hearings/ pdf/allen100915.pdf

24. The Numbers Some caveats… Criminal element Definitional issues Methodological issues

25. Polaris Project 2014 Statistics http://www.polarisproject.org/storage/documents/2014statistics.pdf

26. The Traffickers

27. Traffickers come from all walks of life and often know the victim

28. The Traffickers Individual pimps Gangs and criminal networks Brothel and massage parlor owners Intimate partners Family members Fellow students Online predators

29. Traffickers exploit vulnerability and manipulate

30. The Polaris Project http://blog.polarisproject.org/wp-content/uploads//2010/10/HT- PowerControl-Wheel.jpg

31. The Victims

32. “The themes of trauma, abandonment, and disruption, begun in childhood, are central to the narratives of adolescent girls trafficked into commercial sexual exploitation. Girls describe having had a profound sense of being alone without resources.” http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/07/ humantrafficking/litrev/

33. 12 to 14… The average age at which girls first become victims of prostitution 11 to 13… The average age at which boys and transgender youth first become victims of prostitution Federal Bureau of Investigations http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement- bulletin/march_2011/human_sex_trafficking

34. Victim Vulnerabilities Homelessness/running away Economic vulnerability (poverty, lack of education, poor employment opportunities) Age (inexperience, need to belong, self-esteem issues) Prior experiences of abuse *Widely considered to be the most direct contributor to vulnerability to trafficking amongst minors

35. Victim Vulnerabilities Lack of a support network, including a trustworthy adult History of systems involvement (child welfare, juvenile justice) Disabilities LGBT African American / Hispanic / Native American

36. The Impacts Physical injuries/health problems Mental and emotional health problems

37. The Impacts Substance abuse Changed relationships with self and others Unhealthy bond with the perpetrator

38. Levels of Involvement Party Crews Still in school, beginning of the recruitment Campus and Neighborhood Exploitation Still in school, truancy, decline in academic performance Completely in “The Life” No longer attending school, runaway, on the track and circuit

39. Warning Signs Unexplained school absences/irregular school attendance Chronic running away Homelessness An abrupt change in attire, behavior, or relationships The presence of an older “boyfriend” or “girlfriend” Travel with an older male who is not a guardian References to frequent travel to other cities The sudden presence of expensive possessions

40. Warning Signs Unusual attachment to cellphone Lack of control over schedule, money, and/or proof of identification Signs of psychological distress, such as depression, anxiety, paranoia, and/or suicidal ideation Signs of psychological coercion, such as an overly submissive attitude or inability to speak for self Signs of physical trauma, including bruises, cuts, burns, and/or scars

41. Warning Signs Strange tattoos or other branding marks Substance abuse or addictions Poor health, as evidenced by sexually transmitted diseases, malnutrition, and/or serious dental problems Inappropriate dress “A reputation” References to sexual situations beyond what is age- appropriate

42. Victim Needs Individualized care based on the needs of each victim, including: Long-term support Consistency without conditions A feeling of safety (perceived and actual) Medical care Trauma-based therapy Education Healthy social interactions Immigration assistance

43. Schools

44. Train School Staff Support school staff in Understanding the dynamics of trafficking Recognizing signs of trafficking involvement Responding in possible incidences of trafficking Train school social workers and psychologists on how to work with trafficking victims

45. Implement a Protocol Joint effort School administration Law enforcement Mental health agencies Child welfare Victim services providers Other community agencies What to do if…

46. Sample Protocol – Grossmont Union High School District, San Diego

47. Sample Protocol – Madison Metropolitan School District, WI

48. Offer a Prevention Curriculum Students can be a part of the solution See the Additional Resources section of Sex Trafficking of Minors: What Schools Need to Know to Recognize and Respond to the Trafficking of Students for sample curricula Choose developmentally appropriate resources based on the age group of the students

49. National Human Trafficking Resource Center (NHTRC) In the case of an immediate emergency, call your local police department or 911. In the absence of an established protocol, educators should contact the NHTRC at 1-888- 373-7888 to seek guidance. School personnel should not attempt to confront a suspected trafficker or rescue a suspected victim.

50. Additional Resources Human Trafficking in America’s Schools http://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/human-trafficking- americas-schools http://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/human-trafficking- americas-schools Sex Trafficking of Minors: What Schools Need to Know to Recognize and Respond to the Trafficking of Students http://www.serve.org/nche/downloads/briefs/trafficking.pdf http://www.serve.org/nche/downloads/briefs/trafficking.pdf National Human Trafficking Resource Center http://www.polarisproject.org/what-we-do/national-human- trafficking-hotline/the-nhtrc/overview http://www.polarisproject.org/what-we-do/national-human- trafficking-hotline/the-nhtrc/overview Polaris Project http://polarisproject.org/ http://polarisproject.org/

51. Questions?