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3. A. The Etruscans were the first true power in the area of Rome. B. They were organized like the Greeks, with powerful city- states and a monarchy over each. C. The ancestors of the Romans moved into the area, and eventually drove out the Etruscans

4. D. The Romans set up a new kind of government called a republic. E. This gave the people a say in the government by allowing them to chose representatives to serve on the Senate. F. The Senators chose 2 consuls to run the government and the army with the Senate’s advice and approval.

5. G. In times of war a dictator could be appointed to rule for a certain amount of time and then give that power back to the Senate after the war ended. H. The common people of Rome, plebians, wanted to gain more power in government.

6. I. They succeeded when the Twelve Tables were erected in the Forum. J. Many of the principles that originated in Rome are a part of our political system today.

7. A. Starting in 270 B.C., Rome began to expand its control in the Mediterranean area. B. They fought Carthage in the west, and the Greek rulers in the east. Within 100 years they ruled the entire Mediterranean area.

8. C. The Romans controlled a huge trade network and brought in massive amounts of wealth. D. This created a new class of wealthy landowners, who used slave labor to work their fields. E. The small farmers and the soldiers who did the fighting did not profit from Rome’s expansion, and tensions between the rich and poor escalated into civil war.

9. F. The Senate hired mercenaries to fight for them, and the armies of the citizen-soldiers fought for their commanders, not the Senate. G. Julius Caesar became the most successful military leader, and the Senate feared him.

10. H. The Senate told him to disband his army. He refused and marched on Rome, becoming dictator. I. The Senate then assassinated him, and his nephew Octavian avenges his death and becomes emperor. J. He ended the rule of the Republic and started the age of the Roman Empire.

11.  Octavian changed his name to Augustus Caesar, and initiated a period of peace called the Pax Romana that lasted for almost 200 years.  All the enemies of Rome were subdued during this period and the empire was at its largest and most powerful.

12. A. Probably Rome’s greatest legacy is its legal code. B. There were two systems of law that developed over time; the civil law, and the law of nations. C. The civil law was a code that only applied to citizens.

13. D. The law of nations applied to both citizens and conquered peoples of the Roman Empire. E. The law of nations was derived from reason, and natural law. F. The most famous Roman legal code was the Justinian Code. It would influence law throughout Western Europe even to today.

14.  Rome assimilated many aspects of the cultures they conquered.  The Greeks had a huge influence early on, by the Romans copying their culture and religion.  When the Western Roman Empire fell in 471, the traditions and ideas from the Roman Empire were preserved in the Roman Catholic church.  Also, the Eastern Roman empire would last for another 1000 years before it would be conquered by the Ottoman Turks.

15.  Write a half-page summary of the lecture.