2.  Why problems occurred in the Sinn Fein camp?  What problems existed for the British?

3.  End of the War of Independence.  Conflict among key personalities emerged when there wasn’t a war to be fought.  Lloyd George wanted to appease the Conservatives to make sure he stayed in power. He was prohibited in granting a republic.  Lloyd George tried Home Rule all round but it was dismissed by Unionists.

4. Ireland has split!!!

5.  Divided Ireland into Northern Ireland (6 counties) and then Southern Ireland (26 counties). North Unionists set up their government with James Craig becoming the first Prime Minister

6.  1920 RIC were attacked by IRA.  Sectarian violence ensued.  Rioting in Derry and Catholics or sympathetic Sinn Feiners were arrested or lost their jobs.  Emergence of the Special Constables (later in life becomes the B Specials) – ruthless  Dail issued Belfast Boycott but did nothing to protect nationalists.

7.  Sinn Fein didn’t know what to do.....  They were under pressure to offer a solution of peace  IRA was out of arms and ammunition.  Unionists had already set up their government in a peaceful manner. ......they decided to treat the elections as an election for the second Dail. A Truce was called!!! 11 th July 1921

8.  The Truce only brought a pause in the violence and if it was to last, both sides would have to find a lasting agreement.  De Valera and his supporters were seeking a 32 county, independent republic.  Unionists, led by Carson and Craig, wished to be excluded from any settlement.  Lloyd George knew partition needed to be retained to avoid Unionist revolt.  On the 14 th July 1921, De Valera, Griffith, Robert Barton, Austin Stack and Erskine Childers travelled to London to enter talks with British.

10.  Ireland would be a member of the Community of Nations known as the Commonwealth. This group included Canada, New Zealand, Australia and South Africa.  This meant they had their own parliament, which looked after domestic issues, but recognised the British crown as Head of State.  Members of Irish parliament had to swear oath of allegiance to the Irish constitution and the British Crown.

11.  Lloyd George offered Dominion Status to de Valera but he found it completely unacceptable.  It was voted on in the Dail and was rejected.  Lloyd George had threatened to restart the war but did not follow through.  De Valera came up with the idea of External association but Lloyd George would not accept this.  Months of letters being passed back and forth finally saw Lloyd George invite Irish delegates to London.

12.  From the beginning Brugha and Stack refused to go. They were militant republicans.  However de Valera’s decision not to go caused controversy.  De Valera suggested he was a symbolic leader and could not be at the negotiations.  W.T Cosgrave claimed the ‘best player should not be missing from the most important match’.  Many accuse De Valera of bailing out because he knew the Republic could not be achieved.

13.  Chief Negotiators: Arthur Griffith (Moderate), Michael Collins  Secondary Negotiators: Robert Barton, George Gavan Duffy, Eamon Duggan  Secretary: Erskine Childers (Extreme Republican)  Collins did not want to go but he saw it as his duty. He realised that his cover would be gone if a war was to restart.

15.  Lloyd George  Winston Churchill  Austen Chamberlain  Lord Birkenhead  Sir Lamington – Worthington Evans  Sir Hamar Greenwood  Sir Gordon Hewart

16.  This meant the negotiators had full power to make decisions.  The Dail approved this but there was a lot of confusion as to what they could actually do.  They also had to report back to De Valera on a daily basis and report any progress.

17.  Read Source C carefully on Page 78 and answer the following questions  In your own words explain what is meant by the second point of the instructions?  Do you think the instructions to the negotiators were clear? Give a reason for your answer.

18.  On the 8 th of October 1921 the Irish negotiators arrived at 22 Hans Place in London. Collins did not arrive until Monday.  Opening statements were made by Lloyd George and Griffith.  SOURCE E:  What change does Griffith say will bring the possibility of peace?

19.  Dominion Status for Ireland  No tariffs(taxes) on British goods  Ireland would contribute to Britain’s National Debt (Very high after WWI)  British control of Irish waters and air facilities  A 32 county state IF Ulster agreed  Oath of allegiance to the Crown

20.  Ireland travelled with a draft treaty to work from.  Ireland would be recognised as an independent state  Ireland would externally associated with the British Commonwealth  Ireland would be a neutral state  Ireland would not allow its waters to be used for any war purposes

21.  SOURCE F  Write down two parts of the Irish draft treaty that Britain would have a problem with?

22.  Write down two major differences in the letters of Collins and Griffith?  What is their view of the British team? Explain your answer

23.  Griffith argued that partition was ‘unnatural’.  The British believed that this was true and the ideal situation was a united Ireland.  However the Government of Ireland Act had excluded Ulster from a Dublin parliament.  Both sides knew that the Unionists would do anything to remain outside an Irish parliament in Dublin.

24.  On what date do the negotiators begin taking about Ulster?  What does Griffith say the English are willing to do about Ulster?  What complaint does he have about the English negotiators?

25.  On the 24 th of October Griffith explained to the British, De Valera’s idea of External Association.  Lloyd George asked if this meant Ireland stayed in the Commonwealth.  Griffith replied that “This is not our idea of association”.  The British rejected External Association and the Irish rejected Dominion Status.

26.  Griffith and Collins went to Dublin three times with the message that the British would not accept external association and each time the were told to return and negotiate a deal.  At this point subcommittees worked out minor issues of trade, defence and courts.  However it was obvious that Ulster and ‘association’ were still the major problems.

27.  Lloyd George had threatened to resign if the Unionists proved to difficult to negotiate with.  At a meeting with Lloyd George, James Craig refused to join the South.  If a new English government came in, they would be much more difficult to negotiate with.  The Irish and British needed to find a deal.

28.  Lloyd George suggested that a commission be set up to discuss partition.  He suggested that the border with Ulster would make it so small that it would not be able to function and would have to join the south.  Griffith and Collins accepted this idea because they felt it would allow the Irish an opportunity to regain the North.

29.  The final hurdle was the oath of allegiance.  Lloyd George set a deadline of Dec. 6 th to complete the negotiations.  The Irish delegation twice more called on De Valera to come to London but he refused.  On the 3 rd of December Irish delegates returned to Dublin for a stormy cabinet meeting where Brugha went as far as to call Griffith and Collins traitors.  They were instructed not to accept the oath of allegiance.

30.  When the returned to London, Lloyd George told them they must sign the Treaty or face war “within three days”.  Both sides drew up their own oaths of allegiance. PG: 90 + 91  Study both oaths carefully. The British oath was finally accepted.  This oath actually states that those taking the oath “will be faithful to H.M King George V”. Historians argue that this word was not as strong as allegiance and therefore should not have caused problems for De Valera and the Dail.

31.  On the evening of the 5 th of December, the exhausted Irish delegates returned to 22 Hans Place.  On the way, Collins stated that he would sign the Treaty.  Eamon Duggan then agreed and, after several hours of arguments, Barton and Gavan Duffy gave in.  De Valera was in Limerick and could not be contacted by phone.  At 2:10am on 6 th December, 1921, Griffith, Collins and Barton returned to No: 10 and signed the Treaty.

33.  Irish Free State\Saorstat Eireann  Governor General represents crown in Ireland  Oath of allegiance to King and Irish constitution  Contribution to UK war debt  British control of ports: Lough Swilly, Berehaven and Queenstown (Cobh)

34.  Ulster Exclusion from Irish affairs.  Boundary Commission would redraw the border between North and South according to the wishes of the people living in the counties.  British would hand over control to a provisional government in Ireland.

35.  People welcomed the news.  War had been avoided  It seemed Ulster would be solved eventually  British were leaving Ireland for the first time in 700 years.  Radical Republicans saw it as a betrayal. Some wanted to arrest the negotiators for treason.  De Valera issued the “Proclamation of the Irish People” saying he could not reccomend