1. What the different is between cross sectional studies and longitudinal studies? Longitudinal Study: Developmental study where researchers study the same group of individuals for many years. Can be very expensive and difficult to conduct C ross sectional studies: Developmental study where researchers simultaneously study a number of subjects from different age groups and then compare the results. Cheaper, easier than longitudinal studies, but group differences may be due to factors other than development

2. Where does the neuron receive information from other cells?

3. Parts of the Neuron - Terminals

4. Behavior Genetics Perspective: is a mixture of Biological and Behavior perspectives. Nature vs Nurture Focus: How much our genes and environment influence our individual differences. Sample Questions: Does nature (genetics) or nurture (environment) play a more prominent role in our development?

5. Preservation Theory of Sleep: We sleep at night to stay safe and rebuild body. Informational Theory of Sleep: Dreams serve an important memory- related function by sorting and sifting through the day’s experiences

6. BF Skinner: Best known for operant conditioning. Behaviors were dependent upon what happens after the response. Skinner believe behavior is a result of reinforcement or punishment. He did not like punishment.

8. Experimental Group: The subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the treatment (independent variable) Control group: Are not exposed to the independent variable. Results are compared to those of the experimental group

9. In Erikson’s Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 13-19 years) search for themselves. They are very self-conscious Freud’s of the psychodynamic psychology: Focus: How behavior springs from unconscious drives and childhood conflicts

10. Freud’s Stages of Development

12. Behaviorist define learning: How we learn to do things or not to do things through reward and punishment? Learning is defined as: A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

13. Psychoactive drugs: D rugs interfere with normal neurotransmission by Blocking and Binding. THC is the active ingredient in Marijuana: It disrupts memory; lung damage from smoke. Hearing and sight: are two of the senses most affected by old age?

14. Psychology is: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Uses scientific research methods. Behavior includes all observable behavior. Mental processes include thoughts, feelings and dreams

15. Piaget stages: Sensorimotor stage: from birth to age two Preoperational stage: starts when the child begins to learn to speak at age two and lasts up until the age of seven Concrete operational stage: from ages seven to eleven. Formal operational stage: from age eleven to sixteen and onwards Sensorimotor stage Preoperational stage Concrete operational stage Formal operational stage

16. Amygdala: Two almond shaped structures in the brain that Controls emotional responses such as fear and anger Wilhelm Wundt: is known as the father of psychology because he opened the 1 st psychology laboratory.

17. Ethical principles established by the American Psychological Association (APA)? 1. Informed Consent 2. Right to be Protected from Harm and Discomfort 3. Right of Confidentiality 4. Right to Debriefing

18. Kohlberg’s levels of morality? 1. Preconventionl Moral Reasoning: Characterized by the desire to avoid punishment or gain reward 2. Conventional Moral Reasoning: Primary concern is to fit in and play the role of a good citizen 3. Postconventional Moral Reasoning: Characterized by references to universal ethical principles that represent the rights or obligations of all people

19. Humanistic and Psychodynamic psychologist both use “Talk Therapy” to help the sick. Pavlov was a classical conditioning psychologist that is famous for his work with dogs. and his dogs

20. Social Learning Theory: States that people learn from those around them. The culture, the family the school. The central nervous system: The brain and spinal cord. The brain is the location of most information processing. The spinal cord is the main pathway to and from the brain

21. Clinical psychologist Study and treatment of psychological disorders. Diagnose and treat patients with psychological problems Academic Psychologist: Work in Colleges and Universities doing research.