1. Plant-animal relationships

2. 1. Herbivores

3. Grazers GRASS

4. Browsers LEAVES

5. Sap-suckers

6. Nectar feeders

7. Stem borers

8. Chewers

9. Pollen feeders

10. Fruit and seed eaters

11. Gum eaters e.g. marmosets

12. 2. Co-operative relationships between plants and animals

13. Pollination

14. Guarding

16. Protection

17. Hooks

18. Birds and fruit

22. 3. Plants that eat animals

23. Plant defence systems

24. Physical means of defence

25. Thorns, spines and prickles

28. Stings Histamine Acetyl choline

29. Low growing points

30. Divarification

31. Enclosing seeds in a hard coat or prickles

32. Seed masting E.g. bamboo plants and beech trees

33. Hiding (stone – cushion plant)

34. Regeneration Ability to regenerate from the smallest part of the body e.g. smallest part of dandelion rot left in the soil can regenerate into a whole new plant very quickly.

35. Waxy cuticle and epidermis

36. Trapping animals Pisonia brunoniana

37. Chemical defences Chemicals that are produced for no known function in the basis process of life are called secondary compounds Zoopharmacognosy

38. Chemicals used against pathogens: Antibiotics and phytoalexins Caffeine Chillies “hotness”

39. Chemicals that deter insects

40. Canavanine Chewing insects Mimics amino acid arginine

41. Cyanogenesis Production of cyanide enzyme Glycoside  hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen cyanide  thiocynate

42. Pungent and volatile chemicals

43. Pyrethrins Caterpillars and butterflies have enzyme that detoxifies Chrysanthemum – sesamin

44. Tannins Produced by oak leaves and camellias Stop insects eating Bitter taste

45. Alkaloids

46. Phenols Deter insects Hospital smell = carbolic acid Protect plants from bacteria

47. Other chemicals Strychnine Morphine Digitoxin Peppermint Cinammon Cloves

48. Terpens taste peppery like Terpentine Possums are grazing specific, and this had had a dramatic effect near Arthurs Pass. The trees here have been selected and stripped especially rata, kamahi and fuschia trees. Many of these trees are now dead, known as canopy dieback. Possums don’t like terpens, so don’t eat trees such as rimu and horipito