1. Subjunctive Mood Verbs
2015

2. What Is the Subjunctive Mood?
You’ve already learned 2 moods of Latin verbs:
1. the indicative mood, used for statements of fact and asking questions
2. the imperative mood, used for commands

3. Subjunctive Mood
The subjunctive mood gives more of the speaker’s or writer’s opinion or attitude toward the truth of a statement.
It can be used independently, as a main verb.
It’s often used in dependent clauses, too.

4. There is no such thing as the future or future perfect subjunctive.
Subjunctive Tenses
We’ve learned 6 tenses of Latin verbs.
The subjunctive only has 4 tenses!
It also has active/passive voice.
Tenses:
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
There is no such thing as the future or future perfect subjunctive.

5. Present Tense Subjunctive
The present tense subjunctive uses the same personal endings as regular verbs (swap out “m” for “o” in 1st person singular):
ACTIVE VOICE: PASSIVE VOICE:
M -MUS -R -MUR
S -TIS -RIS -MINI
T -NT -TUR -NTUR

6. Present Tense Subjunctive
Since present tense subjunctive uses the same personal endings, something else has to change to make it different from regular present tense.
It’s all in the VOWELS!

7. Pick Your Mnemonic Device:
We Beat A Liar
She Wears A Tiara
The Beans At Brian’s
Let’s Eat Caviar!
She Reads A Diary
-E-
-EA-
-A-
-IA-

8. 1st Conjugation: “A” changes to “E” amo, amare
amo amamus amem amemus
amas amatis ames ametis
amat amant amet ament
SUBJUNCTIVE!

9. 2nd Conjugation: “E” changes to “EA” moneo, monere
moneo monemus moneam moneamus
mones monetis moneas moneatis
monet monent moneat moneant
SUBJUNCTIVE!

10. 3rd Conjugation: “E” changes to “A” rego, regere
rego regimus regam regamus
regis regitis regas regatis
regit regunt regat regant
SUBJUNCTIVE!

11. 4th Conjugation: “I” changes to “IA” munio, munire
munio munimus muniam muniamus
munis munitis munias muniatis
munit muniunt muniat muniant
SUBJUNCTIVE!

12. So…what does it do?
A common independent use of the present subjunctive is for something called the volitive subjunctive. (remember “volo” for “wish/want”?)
It expresses the speakers wish, or desire, that something be done.

13. Volitive Subjunctive
Let them prepare dinner. OR They should prepare dinner Cenam parent. (paro, parare: prepare)
Let’s/let us explore the forest Silvam exploremus. (exploro, explorare)
Ne silvam exploremus.
Let’s not explore the forest.

14. Volitive Subjunctive
The volitive subjunctive is translated by “let” or sometimes “should.”
The negative is “ne” (not “non”).
It works as a main verb.
Other names for volitive: hortatory (for 1st person plural “let’s…”), jussive (from “iubeo: to order”)

15. Practice!
Write the present tense subjunctive charts for the following verbs:
porto, portare (use ‘e’)
doceo, docere (use ‘ea’)
pono, ponere (use ‘a’)
audio, audire (use ‘ia’)

16. Imperfect Tense Subjunctive
Imperfect Subjunctive is VERY easy to make!
Simply add the personal endings directly onto the 2nd principal part (the infinitive). Do NOT drop the –re.
porto, portare, portavi, portatus
portarem portaremus
portares portaretis
portaret portarent
You can also use passive voice r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur.

17. Perfect Tense Subjunctive
Perfect Active: drop the –i to find the stem: porto, portare, portavi, portatus: PORTAV-
Then add:
portaverim portaverimus
portaveris portaveritis
portaverit portaverint
N.B.: This looks very similar to future perfect tense (indicative), except for the –erim.

18. Perfect Tense Subjunctive
Perfect Passive: 4th principal part followed by the present subjunctive of “sum.”
portatus sim portati simus
portatus sis portati sitis
portatus sit portati sint

19. Pluperfect Subjunctive
Active Voice: Add –sse- then the personal ending to the 3rd principal part:
portavissem portavissemus
portavisses portavissetis
portavisset portavissent

20. Pluperfect Subjunctive
Passive Voice: 4th principal part followed by the imperfect subjunctive of “sum”:
portatus essem portati essemus
portatus esses portati essetis
portatus esset portati essent

21. Practice!
Conjugate doceo, docere, docui, doctus in all 4 subjunctive tenses, active and passive.

23. Other Subjunctive Uses
Optative subjunctive: expresses a wish
Optatives are often introduced with utinam: “oh, if only…” or “if only…”
Use “ne” instead of “non” to make it negative
Present: use “may”
Imperfect: use “might”
Pluperfect: use “had”

24. Optative Subjunctive Utinam puella matrem amet.
If only the girl may love her mother.
(Utinam) puella matrem amaret.
If only the girl might love her mother.
(Utinam) puella matrem amavisset.
If only the girl had loved her mother.

25. Deliberative Subjunctive
A sentence in which something is being considered or deliberated.
The negative uses “non” (not “ne”).
Present subjunctive: “Am I to..”, “Are you to…” etc.
Imperfect subjunctive: “Was I to…”, “Were you to…” etc.

26. Deliberative Subjunctive
Amem matrem?
Am I to love my mother?
Puella matrem amet?
Is the girl to love her mother?
Amarem matrem?
Was I to love my mother?
Puella matrem non amaret?
Was the girl not to love her mother?

27. Potential Subjunctive
A sentence which expresses the opinion of the speaker as an opinion.
“Non” makes it negative.
Present: should
Imperfect: would have, might have, could have

28. Potential Subjunctive
Quid facerem? What could I have done?
Urbem deleri nolim. I would not like the city to be destroyed.