1. Vocab unit 6 Learning

2. Classical Conditioning

3. a relatively permanent change in an behavior due to experience.

4. Learning

5. the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

6. Extinction

7. the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

8. Spontaneous Recovery

9. Treating 2 similar things differently.

10. Discrimination

11. Treating two similar things the same

12. Generalization

13. the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

14. Learned Helplessness

15. a type of learning in which one learns to link stimulus to response, learner is unaware.

16. Classical Conditioning

17. the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS),

18. Unconditioned Response (UCR)

19. To learn, or in classical conditioning UCS + CS=CR

20. Acquisition

21. a stimulus that unconditionally – naturally and automatically – triggers a response.

22. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

23. in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (CS).

24. Conditioned Response (CR)

25. A neutral stimulus that after an association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a CR.

26. Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

27. an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it.

28. Habituation

29. learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning).

30. Associative Learning

31. the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

32. Behaviorism

33. Operant Conditioning

34. a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

35. Operant Conditioning

36. guiding behavior closer and closer toward the desired behavior.

37. Shaping

38. Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

39. Law of Effect

40. in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner Box)

41. Operant Chamber

42. in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

43. Reinforcer

44. when given after a response, increases the response.

45. Positive Reinforcement

46. an innately reinforced stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

47. Primary Reinforcer

48. any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

49. Negative Reinforcement

50. reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

51. Continuous Reinforcement

52. A reinforcer that has to be learned to valued; also known as a secondary reinforcer. Ex) money, grades, stickers

53. Conditioned Reinforcer

54. reinforcing a response only part of the time;

55. Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement

56. a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed.

57. Fixed-interval Schedule

58. a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

59. Variable-interval Schedule

60. a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses.

61. Fixed-ratio Schedule

62. a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

63. Variable-ratio Schedule

64. an event that decreases the behavior that it follows.

65. Punishment

66. PART 3

67. learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

68. Latent Learning

69. positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.

70. Prosocial Behavior

71. frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.

72. Mirror Neurons

73. learning by observing others. Also called social learning.

74. Observational Learning

75. a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.

76. Extrinsic Motivation

77. the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

78. Modeling

79. a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.

80. Intrinsic Motivation

81. a sudden realization of the solution to a problem.

82. Insight

83. a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment.

84. Cognitive Map