2. Turkish Empires and their neighbors, AD 1210

3. Turkish Empires and t heir neighbors, CE 1210 Turks were nomadic herders. Organized into clans with related languages. Turks played prominent roles on caravan routes. Autonomous clans and Tribes.

4. Military organization included a khan (ruler) and outstanding cavalry Forces. Turkish empires Emerged in Persia, Anatolia, and India. *Saljuk Turks *Saljuk Turks *Ghaznavid Turks *Ghaznavid Turks (Mahmud of Ghazni) (Mahmud of Ghazni) *Ottoman Turks *Ottoman Turks

5. Turkish Empires and their neighbors, AD 1210

6. The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire: Large Large numbers of nomadic Turks migrated to Persia and Anatolia. Osman, a charismatic leader, carved a small state in northwest Anatolia. He claimed independence from the Saljuk sultan in 1299. Ottoman (Osmani) conquests:

7. Osman Osman *the Balkans in the 1350s *Constantinople in 1453 *In the 16 th C., southwest Asia, southeast Europe, Asia, southeast Europe, and north Africa. and north Africa.

8. The Mongol Empires In the early 13 th C., Chinggis Khan unified Mongol tribes through alliance and conquests. Chinggis Khan’s conquests included Kwarazam, Persia, and northern China.

10. Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires (1500) MAP 18.2 The Mongol empires about 1300 C.E.

11. The Mongol Empires after Chinggis Khan: his sons divided the empire into four: *Great Khan (China, *Great Khan (China, Mongolia, Korea) Mongolia, Korea) *Persia (included *Persia (included Mesopotamia) Mesopotamia) *Golden Horde (Russia) *Golden Horde (Russia) *Chagatai (Central *Chagatai (Central Asia). Asia).

12. Mongolian Empires

13. Khubilai Khan Khubilai Khan Great Khan: Chinggis’ grandson, Khubilai Khan, established the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368). Unsuccessfully invaded Vietnam, Burma, Java, and Japan.

14. Ilkhanate of Persia: In 1258, the Mongols toppled the Abbasid Empire. After the conversion of Ilkhan Ghazan to Islam in 1295, most Mongols in Persia followed his example.

15. Golden Horde: Groups of Mongols overran Russia between 1237 and 1241. Maintained hegemony (control) in Russia until the mid-1400s.

16. Chagatai: Included parts of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan.

17. Mongolian Empires